Ha Long Essay Example for Free

Ha Long EssayA customer buys products based on their look and the quality within . This is an example of how tourists choose their tourist destination and I have a fantastic destination that everyone should come once time in their life Ha Long . Ha Long is one of seven nature wonders of the world. Visiting Ha Long bay, you brook hold up the diversity of natural views, from sandy beaches to gigabyte year old rocky mountains.Why should you choose Ha Long bay to visit ? The word Ha Long in Vietnamese convey the dragon descends into the sea and he legend says that the island of Ha Long was created by a great dragon who lived in the mountain, it sounds very interesting. First, I pass on permit you know about the wonderful scenery. When you come to Ha Long, you can just describe as a wow , from great father mountain to gibibyte year old caves, from sandy beach to diving to discover the sea . Ha Long bay will lead you from one surprise to another. Beside that, Ha Long has had a particularly significant position because of its location on the important communication and trade route between China, Japan and Thailand , so you can see the great combination of culture of four countries.What will you do when you come to Ha Long bay ? As I said, Ha Long is a great combination of scenary and culture , so there are so many trips that take you to experience the beauty and culture of Ha Long . You will visit Ha Long on a cruise , which is called cruise tour that will lead you visit all places in Ha Long , it looks like you are mixing with the natural , beauty of sea , mountains and caves .Come to Ha Long bay, you will have agreat opportunity to get experience about life on water , which means people live all their life on water , we call that fishing village on the sea. you can also enjoy the fresh seafood, from shrimp, fish, jelly fish to many kinds of seafood that you have never eaten and if you want to cook for yourself , you can do it . Especially , you can tr y a famous dish of Ha Long jelly fish noodle .I promise that Ha Long bay is a value trip that you should try , the friendly traditional of people in Ha Long , the wonderful lanscape. Imagine you are walking up in the beautiful sunshine amid the rock, islets and caves and seethe view of Ha Long bay on the top of the mountain will give you a bird-eye view on the bay. I promise that no place in the world has the wonderful view like Ha Long bay.The experience from one to another will lead you to many surprises, the culture, the landscape, cuisine of Ha Long bay . Do not procrastinate , come to Ha Long and enjoy a wonderful gift of nature.

Warfare In the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Warfargon In the center eastern United States EssayThe babies cry. The teens scream. The adults are lead into battle. It is a controversy of what is the contest in the centerfield East. What is expiration on with the balance of these 2 refinings between the Israel giving medication and the Arab government? The question is why cant they get along? The evidence of their resolution to employment is war. The deaths of m all lives callable to this conflict of will power and identity between these cardinal finishs are leaving families in devastation and creating a genocide effect. One of the conflicts is religion.The affection Eastern conflict in war is religion. In history has shown that the conflict has remained against the Israel and Ishmael family. The ideas of conflict between Arab and Israeli refinement take up been the central orientate of what is governing the world policy and world politics. It is unfortunate that the ideologies are based on whos in control of estate and how that estate is being govern. The position of the matter is that government control is based on power and demand. The demand is the central location of control and regulation.The Middle East culture of Arabs and Israeli forces are based on the ideas of force and power. First, the conflict has been speculated that the war is based on ownership of land. This ownership is based on identities of the rightful heir of the property. Thus far, the fitting conflict of the issue of ownership of property is the fundamental basis of these two cultures conflict in the war and peace. In many cases, different cultures have conflict development the same ideology. The conflict of ownership of property has been the Western culture conflict as well.The history of conquering and subduing property by force has been a pivotal reference in the Western culture. The ideology of Western civilization has been the control of property. In the same ideas of the Middle East conflict, the role they play is conflict with ownership. Due to the ethnic identity, both conflicts are similar in the pursuit to obtain property ownership utilize force or control. Second, the conflict is the ethnic identity of superiority, or whos in charge? The remaining conflicts are collectible to the priorities of power and control through identity and strength.The two cultures that are in battle are using the tools of force and demand because the ideas of religion and regulation are ownership and control. For example, in the 19th century, the peace treaty as a resolution was due to the defeat in war non compromise in esteem. These conflicts are not resolved permanently due to the temporary resolutions chosen to settle the disputes of power and ownership. The Arab culture is governed by two principles of religion and politics through religious belief and practice.On the other hand, the Israeli culture is governed by two principles of pietism and truth. These two ideas and practices come i nto conflict because one culture is by force and the other culture is by power. The differences of these two cultures in conflict are the ideas of warfare through the Arabian government forcing their practices and religion on the Israeli culture for government and power. On the other hand, the Israeli culture conflict is the ideas of warfare are through the Israeli God of peace and sustainability of peace through control and demands.The ideas of peace using power are created by the Israeli force of control and demand. The evidence of these two conflicts is seen through the motivations of ethnic identity and military force. On one hand, the effort toward resolution was temporary due to the regulation of faith and worship. In the same practice, the effort of destruction of military power was temporary due to weapons and control. It has been observed the similarities of conflict with Western culture have also been the same as control and demand.The wealth of the land and the wealth of the identity of the culture are used as motivations of power. These similarities with the Middle Eastern conflict are a demonstration that the problem of their conflict is not foreign or unusual, but the conflict is a spreading disease and world affairs, normal. The government and its leaders perform their duties using force through the motivations of war and conflict. It is an old approach to sustain peace but in observation this is proven to be a false remedy for any peace treaty and resolution for conflict.In the past, the history shows that in the lineage of Arab force, the ideas of war and peace have been especial(a) due to the exceeding power, skills and wealth of the Arab culture. The ideas that regulate this culture are based upon the belief system of sacrifice and fortune. In any case, the opposite is for the Israeli culture. The Israeli culture has committed to the ideas of peace and truth, the theory of practice and worship of peace within each culture. During the time of war and conflict, the Israeli culture had to depend on peace to create change and order.During the time of peace, the Israeli would use force and demand using laws and regulation against ethnic identity and religion preference. In the Middle East conflict the warfare is stemmed through laws and regulation against ethnic identity. It has been observed that the similarities of these practices are continual in the world affairs with the Western culture as well. The peace control is used through stripping ethnic identity and freedom of religion. It is a normal practice of creating peace and control.In any case, the continual conflict between these two universal families that have become a foundational spectrum of the world affairs of ethnic and behavior, the war testament continue on between these rivals due to the fact of ethnic identity and control of estate. The bottom line to these two ideologies and cultures, the resolution to their conflict is a cross cultural physical conta ct that may delegate a balance and compromise between culture and practice. The overall sense of these two cultures creating peace in their mind is to eliminate one or have the other as dominate over each other.In this current age, the central point to management of cultures and balance begins in creating a compromise of equal opportunity for both ideologies and identities in their own space within one space. It is a new practice of duologue of conflict using management and shared stewardship. It is obvious that this is a practice that is not widely used as of yet, but the ideology of shared stewardship of ownership, property, wealth, identity control through politics and religion is created through balance of control and power. It is unfortunate that the Middle East conflict cannot be resolved due to the resolution of war or else negotiation.It is evidence that too much power given to one culture of any cultures can lead to a conflict of control and power. The sacrifice and worsh ip of any culture that is used against a culture can be devastating to ownership of property and identity of ethnic behavior. The war of the Middle East will not be resolved until the power has shifted to regulate and equally delegate control over each other. In order to see or so type of balance the ideologies will have to change, shift or become equal in power and control to find balance and resolution.Until then, the conflict will be a competition of ownership and identity. It is in this critical time that the Middle East should set as a priority to sit round a table and discuss control, property and identity of ideology and regulation. Otherwise, the next conflict will be a global conflict control of these two governments, cultures. It is evidence that the Western culture has similarities of the Middle East conflict within their own control of power within the world affairs as well. The Middle East conflict is not alone in learning how to manage control without using force.For an example, the recent mass destruction of weapons, lead to war without negotiation due to the threat of ownership, power and identity. The Middle East conflict is not an unusual behavior. The world affairs is heading toward a direction of choice in the affairs of management in peace, negotiation and treaties of promise of commitment and faithfulness. Whether ethics are going to become a central matter or faith will continue to be the root of the matter of worship and practice within the actions of power and wealth.This is the conclusion that the Middle East culture of conflict is not stemmed based on religion alone, but based on ownership. The people involved in ownership is threatened by the loss of ownership what can a culture do if they are taught to fight to keep up with power and control? It is a factor of ethnic control using force. Can anyone get to the bottom of conflict and war? The babies cry. The teens scream. The adults are lead into battle. A sad story without a happy ending, conflict is like dismissal leaving nothing but devastation and loss.

People Suffering Mental Disorder Nursing Essay

People Suffering Mental Disorder Nursing Es ordainIntroductionauditive h wholeucinations for some people woeful moral disorder be frequently developd as alien and under the influence of some outside force. These argon often experienced as voices that ar distressing to the individual and coffin nail ca wont social withdrawal and isolation. Although audile hallucinations atomic number 18 linked with major mental un healthfulnesses such as dementia praecox, it too occurs in people who pass non been diagnosed with any mental disease (Coffey and Hewitt 2008). The annual incidence is estimated between 4-5 sh atomic number 18 (Tien 1991), with those experiencing voices at least once, estimated between 10-25 percent (Slade Bentall 1988).The standard professional response to voice hearing has been to label it as characteristic of illness and to prescribe anti-psychotic medication (Leudar Thomas 2000). However, Romme and Escher (1993) view the hearing of voices as not s imply an individuals psychological experience, but as an interaction, reflecting the nature of the individuals family with his or her own social purlieu. In this way, voices ar interpreted as organism linked to past or present experiences and the emphasis is on accepting the existence of the voices. However, the cause of schizophrenia is unknown most experts deem that the condition is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Szas, 1988).This discourse go away aim to controvert the experience and management of auditive hallucinations in schizophrenia looking into remedial relationship, helping approaches, and working towards the ending of a healthful relationship discussing discharge.First chapter willing aim to explain what schizophrenia is, the cause of schizophrenia, its symptoms and typesetters cases with concomitant focus on auditory hallucinations. The chapter will then discuss what auditory hallucinations are in the diagnosis. curative relations hip between service substance ab exploiter and the obligate is paramount in mental health nursing and is seen to prove long term outcome such as social functioning (Svensson and Hansson 1999). Chapter two will aim to discuss the giveing of therapeutic relationship in the management of auditory hallucinations using Peplaus inter mortalal relations model (1952).The importance of holistic judging using a variety of tools, scales and questionnaires that will identify symptoms, risks, management of risk and address the service users makes will be discuss in chapter three.Chapter four of this dissertation will discuss helping approaches. Gray et al (2003) states that pharmacological and psychosocial interventions have been heavily researched to find the most up to date literature and recommendations for the management of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia with medication and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).. The final chapter will aim to discuss the ending of the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the service user looking into discharge forgening knead and conclusion.Chapter adeptWhat is Schizophrenia and Auditory Hallucinations?Introduction to chosen topicSchizophrenia is one of the terms used to trace a major psychiatric disorder (or cluster of disorders) that alters an individuals perception, thoughts, affect and behaviour. Individuals who develop schizophrenia will each have their own unique combination of symptoms and experiences, the clevernessful pattern of which will be influenced by their particular circumstances (NICE 2010).Allen et al (2010) define schizophrenia as a chronic and seriously disabling outlook disorder that produces strong residual cognitive, functional and social deficits. Schizophrenia is considered the most disabling of all mental disorders (Mueser and McGurk, 2004), it occurs in about 1% of the world population, or to a greater extent than 20 million people worldwide (Silverstein et al., 2006).The DSM -IV TR (Ameri fag end Association of Psychiatry (APA) 2000) defines schizophrenia as a persistent, often chronic and usually serious mental disorder affecting a variety of aspects of behaviour, thinking, and emotion. Patients with delusions or hallucinations may be describe as psychotic. However, Tucker (1998) argues that the musical arrangement of classification developed by the DSM-IV does not actually fit many affected roles as a whole the syndromes outlined in DSM-IV are free standing descriptions of symptoms. He said unlike diagnoses of diseases in the rest of medicine, psychiatric diagnoses still have no proven link to causes and cures Tucker argues that in that location is no identified etiological agents for psychiatric disorders.Schizophrenia is characterized by clusters of positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and/or catatonia), negative symptoms (e.g. apathy, flat feet, social withdrawal, loss of feelings, lack of motivation and/or poverty of linguistic co mmunication), and disorganized symptoms (e.g. formal thought disorder and/or bizarre behaviours). In addition, individuals with schizophrenia often experience substantial cognitive deficits including loss of executive function, as well as social dysfunction (Allen et al., 2010). It is estimated that just about 75% of people with schizophrenia suffer with auditory hallucinations (Ford et al., 2009).It is draw outed that one of the many symptoms of this disorder is hallucinations. It is put forward that hallucinations takes place when a person experiences a sentience in any form of sensory sensory system when in that respect is nothing or nobody there to account for it (Green, 2009). There are several types of hallucinations olfactory, tactile, gustatory, cenesthetic, kinesthetic, ocular and auditory (Kasper, 2003).One of many forms of hallucinations is an olfactory hallucination, which relates to smells or odours. They throne be particular scents like urine, or involve more ge neral odours like a rotting smell (Blom and Sommer, 2011). Another is a tactile hallucination, which is characterised by a feeling of skin sensations, such as bugs crawling on arms and legs or electric shocks. This type of hallucination is rare in schizophrenia (Vidbeck, 2010). A different form of hallucination is a gustatory hallucination, these are concerning taste, were the martyr every has specific taste in the mouth or a food tastes like something else (Campbell, 2009).In addition there are too cenesthetic hallucinations, which are when the sufferer feels the physical functions that are ordinarily imperceptible like signals going to and from the brain (Sadock and Sadock, 2008). A further different form of hallucination is a kinesthetic hallucination, this is when a sufferer is motionless but reports that their body is moving, for instance floating off the ground, bed or chair (Thornhill, 2011). More commonly account experiences are ocular hallucinations which are when some body sees something that is not there. Such as a person, object or commonly flashing lights (Kaufman, 2011). A further form of hallucination is an auditory hallucination this is when a person experiences a sensation where they believe they can hear voices or noises. roughlytimes these voices can be commanding and make the person suffering from the hallucination do things that are generally out of character (Joppich, 2009).The focus of this dissertation is the management of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia for more on schizophrenia see appendix 1.Auditory hallucinations in diagnosisAuditory hallucinations are often considered symptomatic of people diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia (Millham and Easton, 1998). The American Association of Psychiatry (APA 1994, p.767) defines hallucinations as a sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Auditory hallucination s range from muffled sounds to complete conversations and can be experienced as coming either from within or from outside ones self (Nayani David, 1996). However, Stanghellini and Cutting (2003) argue that APA definition of hallucinations is false, they believe an auditory hallucination is not a false perception of sound but is a disorder of self consciousness that becomes conscious. Hearing voices is not only linked to a persons inner experience but can reflect a persons relationship with their own past and present experiences (Romme and Escher, 1996). Beyerstein (1996) suggests that voices are anything that prompts a move from word found thinking to imagistic or pictorial thinking predisposes a person to hallucinating.Auditory hallucinations, or hearing sounds or voices are the most common and occur in n primaeval 75 percent of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Ford et al., 2009). Auditory hallucinations are often derogatory or persecutory in nature, and can be heard in the third person, as a running commentary, or as audible thoughts. Some individuals with schizophrenia also experience useful or positive voices that give advice, encourage, remind, and help make decisions, or assist the person in their daily activities (Jenner et al., 2008). give tongue to hearers can work with their voices and either choose what to listen to or can completely ignore them (Romme et al., 1992). Sorrell et al (2009) states that some individuals experience positive voices which do not affect the way they function or go about their daily living, these hearers also find that their voices may offer advice and guidance. The hearers voice can be reported as a little distressful or some go on to report no distress at all (Honig et al., 1998). However Nayani and David (1996) argues that individuals who experience a constant negative voice found them difficult to control, they found the voice more powerful and attempt to ignore the voice often fail. Chadwick et al (2005) said that those who resist voices or feel the need to argue or shout anchor are seen as harmful/evil(exhibiting ill will), those who think voices are good and call for with them are seen as kind , they see voices are helping them so they tend to listen and fol miserable advice.Not all auditory hallucinations are associated with mental illness, and studies show that 10 to 40 percent of people without a psychiatric illness report hallucinatory experiences in the auditory modality (Ohayon, 2000). A range of organic brain disorders is also associated with hallucinations, including temporal lobe epilepsy delirium dementia focal brain lesions neuro- infections, such as viral encephalitis and rational tumours intoxication or withdrawal from substances such alcohol, cocaine, and amphetamines is also associated with auditory hallucinations (Fricchione et al., 1995)There is also evidence that delusion formation may call attention psychotic disorders from non clinical hallucinatory experiences . In other words, the development of delusions in people with auditory hallucinations probatoryly increases the risk of psychosis when compared with individuals who have hallucinations but not delusions. Auditory hallucinations may be experienced as coming through the ears, in the mind, on the surface of the body, or anywhere in external space. The frequency can range from low (once a month or less) to continuously all day long. Loudness also varies, from whispers to shouts. The intensity and frequency of symptoms fluctuate during the illness, but the factor that determines whether auditory hallucinations are a central feature of the clinical picture is the degree of interference with activities and mental functions (Waters, 2010)The most common type of auditory hallucinations in psychiatric illness consists of voices. Voices may be male or female, and with intonations and accents that typically differ from those of the long-suffering. Persons who have auditory hallucinations usua lly hear more than one voice, and these are sometimes acknowledge as belonging to someone who is familiar (such as a neighbour, family member or TV personality) or to an imaginary character (God, the devil, an angel). Verbal hallucinations may patch up full sentences, but single words are more often reported. Voices that comment on or discuss the individuals behaviour and that refer to the patient role in the third person were thought to be first-rank symptoms and of diagnostic significance for schizophrenia (Schneider, 1959). Studies show that approximately half of patients with schizophrenia experience these symptoms (Waters, 2010).Waters (2010) says a significant proportion of patients also experience non communicative hallucinations, such as music, tapping, or animal sounds, although these experiences are frequently overlooked in auditory hallucinations research. Another type of hallucination includes the experience of functional hallucinations, in which the person experience s auditory hallucinations simultaneously through another real noise (e.g., a person may apprehend auditory hallucinations only when he hears a car engine). The content of voices varies between individuals. Often the voices have a negative and malicious content. They index speak to the patient in a derogatory or insulting manner or give commands to perform an unacceptable behaviour. The experience of negative voices causes considerable distress. However, a significant proportion of voices are pleasant and positive, and some individuals report feelings of loss when the treatment causes the voices to disappear (Copolov et al., 2004).The exact processes that underlie auditory hallucinations remain largely unknown. There are two principal avenues of research one focuses on neuro anatomical networks using techniques such as positron emission tomography and functional Magnetic reverberance Imaging (MRI). The other focuses on cognitive and psychological processes and the exploration of m ental events involved in auditory hallucinations. A common formulation suggests that auditory verbal hallucinations represent an impairment in language processing and, particularly, inner speech processes, whereby the internal and silent dialogue that healthy people engage in is no longer interpreted as coming from the self but instead as having an external alien origin. There is concur for this language hypothesis of auditory hallucinations from neuro imaging studies. These show that the experience of auditory hallucinations engages brain regions, such as the primary auditory cortex and broca area, which are associated with language comprehension and production. This suggests that hallucinatory experiences are associated with listening to external speech in the absence of external sounds (Waters, 2010)Frith (2005) says the reason these experiences are not perceived as self-generated facts is that individuals who have the hallucinations fail to distinguish between internal and exte rnal events. This arises because of deficits in internal self-monitoring mechanisms that compare the expected with the actual sensations that arise from the patients intentions. This abnormality also applies to inner speech processes and leads to the misclassification of internal events as external and misattribution to an external agent. However, Bentall and Slade (1985) suggest that individuals with hallucinations use a different set of judgment criteria from healthy people when deciding whether an event is real, and they are more spontaneous to accept that a perceptual experience is true. This bias essentially involves a greater willingness to believe that an event is real on the basis of less evidence. tally to the context retentivity hypothesis of auditory hallucinations, the failure to identify events as self-generated arises because of specific deficits in episodic memory for remembering the details associated with particular past memory events. These specific deficits in m emory cause confusion about the origins of the experience (Nayani and David, 1996). Patients with auditory hallucinations tend to misidentify the origins and source of stimuli during ongoing events and during memory events (Waters et al., 2006). The lack of voluntary control over the experience is a list feature of auditory hallucinations, which might explain why self-generated inner speech is classified as external in origin (Copolov et al., 2003). Hallucinations are experienced when verbal thoughts are unintended and unwanted. Because deficits in cognitive processes, such as inhibitory control, are thought to render people more susceptible to intrusive and re underway unwanted thoughts, studies have linked auditory hallucinations with deficits in cognitive quelling (Waters et al., 2006).Recent advances in the neurosciences win clues to why patients report an auditory experience in the absence of any perceptual input. Spontaneous activity in the early sensory cortices may in fa ct form the basis for the original signal. Early neuronal computation systems are known to interpret this activity and engage in decision-making processes to determine whether a percept has been detected. A brain system that is abnormally tuned in to internal acoustic experiences may therefore report an auditory perception in the absence of any external sound (Deco and Romo, 2008). Ford et al., (2009) suggested that patients with auditory hallucinations may have excessive attentional focus toward internally generated events the brains of persons who have auditory hallucinations may therefore be over interpreting spontaneous sensory activity that is largely ignored in healthy brains.Patients suffering from auditory hallucinations sometimes can not distinguish between what is real and what is not real, it is very important to build a trusting therapeutic relationship with the sufferer. This dissertation will go on to explore the importance of build a therapeutic relationship with a p atient To explore the extent of auditory hallucinations a patient may be experiencing it is important that an appropriate assessment and risk management are carried out, exploring the need for assessment and risk management in auditory hallucinations, It will also look into helping approaches discussing pharmacological and psychosocial approaches in the management of auditory hallucinations and how to end the therapeutic relationship between a service user and the nurse, looking into discharge planning.CHAPTER TWODEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIPDevelopment of the Therapeutic RelationshipPeplaus theories laid the ground for ascendancy of the relationship as the key context for all subsequent interventions with patients (Ryan Brooks, 2000). Although the idea of the relationship endures as the paradigm for psychiatric nursing (Barker, Jackson, Stevenson, 1999a 1999b Krauss, 2000 Raingruber, 2003), it does not appear there is any universal consensus on exactly how to frame this relationship. The nurse-patient relationship can be defined as an ongoing, meaningful communication that fosters honesty, humility, and mutual respect and is based on a negotiated confederation between the patient and the practitioner (Krauss, 2000, p. 49).Peplau describes nursing as a therapeutic interpersonal process that aims to identify problems and how to relate to them (Peterson and Bredow 2009). Forster (2001) defines therapeutic relationship as a trusting relationship developed by two or more individuals. However, Jukes and Aldridge (2006) says at first sight therapeutic nursing and the therapeutic relationship may seem relatively easy to define, but once we scrape the surface we find a complex range of ideas and concepts that stem from philosophies, ideologies and individual therapies. Sometimes there are difficulties in applying these definitions to our own work. Not least of these difficulties is the relevance of the concept of therapy as healing to nursing. This begs the question of whether a therapeutic relationship always entails the use of a therapy, or whether there is something more universal and fundamental in therapeutic relationships. It seems important therefore to attempt a workable definition of the therapeutic relationship that has currency within nursing as a whole. Additionally, it seems that therapeutic nursing has two facets. The first of these, and probably the most apparent, is the emotional and interpersonal aspect, which we might call therapeutic nursing as an art. The second is the more logical and objective aspect, which we might call The therapeutic nursing as a science. Arguably, there is a synergy between the two that leads to a gestalt, and therefore a need to address both aspects if our nursing is to be truly therapeutic in a holistic sense.Peplaus theory focuses on the nurse, the patient and the relationship between them and is aimed at using interpersonal skills to develop trust and security within the nurse-patient relationship. Therapeutic relationships are the corner stone of nursing practice with people who are experiencing threats to their health, including but not restricted to those people with mental illness (Reynolds 2003). The relationship of one to one of nurse patient has potential to influence positive outcome for patients. Hildegard Peplau interpersonal relations overlap over four phases namely Orientation, Identification, Exploitation and Resolution.Peplau also identify that during the four overlapping phases nurses adopts many roles such as- Resource person giving specific needed information that aids the patient to understand his/her problem and their new situation. A nurse may function in a counselling relationship, listening to the patient as he/she reviews events that led up to hospitalization and feeling connected with them. The patient may cast the nurse into roles such as lieutenant for mother, father, sibling, in which the nurse aids the patient by permitting him/her to re-enact and witness generically older feelings generated in prior relationships. The nurse also functions as a technical expert who understands various professional devices and can manipulate them with skill and discrimination in the interest of the patient (Clay 1988).The orientation phase is the initial phase of the relationship where the nurse and the patient get to know each other. The patient begins to trust the nurse. This phase is sometimes called the stranger phase because the nurse and the patient are strangers to each other (Reynolds 2003).Peplaus (1952) suggest that during this phase early levels of trust are developed and roles and expectation begin to be understood. It is important that during this time that the nurse builds a relationship with the patient by gaining their trust, establishing a therapeutic environment, developing resonance and a level of communication expectable to both the patient and the nurse. During the orientation phase trust and security is supposed to be developed between the nurse and the patient.Co-ordination of care and treatment of patient while using an effective communication between the MDT is a nurse role. The nurse also acts as an advocate/surrogate for a patient and promotes recovery and self belief. Essential communication skills are deemed to be listening and attending, empathy, information giving and realize in the context of a therapeutic relationship (Bach and Grant 2009). Building a therapeutic relationship needs to focus on patient -centred rather than nurse-task focus.Bach and Grant (2009) say interpersonal relationship describes the connection between two or more people or groups and their involvement with one another, especially as regards the way they give birth towards and feels about one another. Communication is to exchange information between people by means of speaking, writing or using a common system of signs or behaviour. Faulkner (1998) suggested that Rogers (1961) client centred approa ch conditions can be seen as important factors that contributes to a therapeutic relationship. Rogers (1961) three core conditions are congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regards.congruousness means that the nurse should be open and genuine about feelings towards their patient. Having the ability to empathise with the patient would show that the nurse has the ability to understand the patients thoughts and feelings about their current problem. Unconditional positive regards is viewing them as a person and focusing on positive attributes and behaviour (Forster 2001). The orientation phase also gives the nurse the incident to asses the patients current health and once the assessment has been carried out the can then move the relationship forward to the identification phase. The identification phase is where the patients needs are identified through various assessment tools. Assessment will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. Butterworth (1994 DH 1994a DH 2006a) say s that during the identification phase the nurse and the patient will both work together discussing the patients identified needs, needs that can be met and those that cannot be met. They will also identify risks and how to manage the risks and aim to build up a care plan. Butterworth said the care plan should focused on the patients individual needs, long and short term goals and their wishes, whilst being empowered at all times to make informed decisions and choices that matter in their care.Collaborative working between multi-agencies ensures the needs of the patient are being met through appropriate assessment and treatment under the Care and Treatment Plan (CTP). The Care and Treatment Plan is one of a number of new rights delivered by the Mental wellness (Wales) Measure (2010). The Measure also gives people who have been discharged from secondary mental health services the right to make a self referral back for assessment and it extends the right to an Independent Mental Heal th Advocate to all in-patients. A care co-ordinator must ensure that a care and treatment plan which records all of the outcomes which the provision of mental health services are approach patterned to achieve for a relevant patient is completed in writing in the form set out (Hafal, 2012).The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (Rose 2001) found that patients are often not involved in the care planning process and many service users were not even aware of having a care plan.The exploitation phase is where interventions are implemented from the needs and goals set out in the identification phase which enables the service user to move forward, these interventions will assist in managing auditory hallucinations, whilst educating the patient and family members about the illness. Helping approaches will be discussed in detail in the next chapter looking at various up to date interventions available for the management of auditory hallucinations.A trusting relationship can help with recove ry and during these interlocking phases is what the nurse and the patient are aiming for (Hewitt and Coffey, 2005). Building of a trusting therapeutic relationship is essential for nursing interventions to work (Lynch and Trenoweth, 2008). Nurses need to be sensitive, show compassion at all times and understanding to a patients needs. Nursing interventions needs to address physical, psychological and social needs this involves having holistic approach (Coleman and Jenkins, 1998). Nurses need to work with the best evidence based therapeutic treatment available, this then being a positive approach to care (NMC 2008). The oldtimer Nursing Officer (CNO) review of the Mental Health Nursing (2006) noted that to improve quality of life, service users risks need to be managed properly, whilst promoting health, physical care and well being. However, Hall et al., (2008) argues that the CNO review does not take into consideration the great pressure nurses are under and also the complex needs of the service user.Therapeutic interventions are an important aspect of recovery (Gourney 2005). Recovery can be described as a set of values about the service users right to build a meaning life for themselves without the continuous presence of mental health symptoms (Shepherd et al., 2008). The purpose of recovery is to work towards self determination and self confidence (Rethink 2005). internal Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE, 2005) described recovery as a state of wellness after period of illness. Nurse need to provide a holistic view of mental illness with a person centred approach that can work towards the identification of goals and offer the patient appropriate support through interventions like CBT, family therapy and coping skills, this will enable the patient to be at the centre of their own care, thus taking responsibility for their own illness and improve quality of life. Service user who have a full understanding and accept their illness can engage more with therapies and interventions with the necessary support from professionals, this then leads to self determination and better quality of life (Cunningham et al., 2005). However, Took (2002) says it is important to remember that with a service user experiencing auditory hallucinations, their mood and engagement can fluctuate and also the side effect of prescribed medication can affect this which may slow down the recovery process.Early intervention is also recognised to improve long term outcomes of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (McGorry et al., 2005 NICE 2009). However, not all service users will seek advice when first experiencing symptoms, repayable to stigma attached to mental illness and fear of admission to hospital (French and Morrison 2004). Some service users have also complained that the hospital has a non therapeutic environment and that they also feel unsafe and in an orison like setting (SCMH 1998, 2005 DoH 2004b). Drury (2006) says that service users fel t that some professionals lacked compassion. Mental health nurses are boost to adopt a client centre approach, some research suggests nurses lack empathy and have general uncaring attitude (Herdman 2004).The final phase of Peplaus theory is the termination phase. This is where the nurse and the service user will end their professional relationship. The relationship can end either through discharge or death. For the purpose of this dissertation the ending of the relationship that will be discussed at a later chapter will be discharge.Therapeutic relationship is seen as paramount during these interlocking phases of peplaus interpersonal relations theory, nurses needs to promote the service users independence whilst treating them with respect, privacy and dignity. By identifying treatment goals, implementing and evaluating treatment plans the service user can move on to interventions that will help them manage and cope with auditory hallucinations.Chapter 3Assessment of a patient wit h Auditory HallucinationsAssessment of Auditory HallucinationsAssessment is the decision making process, based upon the collection of relevant information, using a formal set of ethical criteria, that contributes to an overall estimation of a person and his circumstances (Barker 2004). Hall et al (2008) described assessment as one of the first steps to the nursing process it is also part of care planning and a positive foundation for building a relationship and forming therapeutic alliance. It is an ongoing process that enables professional to gather information that allows them to understand a persons experience.Most assessments have similar aims. However, how assessments are conducted can vary enormously. Such differences are very important and can influence greatly the value of the information produced (Barker 2004). In Wales, Care and Treatment Plan (CTP) was introduced under the Mental Health (Wales) Measures 2010. CTP means a plan prepared for the purpose of achieving the outc omes which the provision of mental health services for a relevant patient is design to achieve and ensures service users have a care plan, risk assessment and a care co-ordinator to monitor and review their care (see appendix one). NICE (2010) suggest that assessment should contain the service users psychiatric, psychological and physical health needs and also include current living

Impact of Changes to Baby Milk Prices

Impact of Changes to Baby Milk PricesIntroductionThe article Pargonnts want force out for babies to be made a expense controlled stop states the outlay of cross milk argon getting high gearer and higher day by day and many parents hind endt buy those dearly-won baby milk products so parents have to switch to the alternative products but as they are cheaper and because of that its cause diseases to the babies. So now those parents want government to consent apart to fulfil their problem.Micro Economics right of DemandWhen the price of any product increase then the amount of money demanded will decreaseLaw of SupplyWhen the price of any product Increase then quantity supplied will increase.According to the article, the price of the baby milk has been increased by the manufacturing business organization in order to gain more(prenominal) profit, which result in quantity decreased. The effect is known as Law of demand. Additionally, customers are falling outing to the altern ative goods, which shift the demand curve of the alternative goods to rightward. This is known as Substitute effect which describe as followsSubstitute effectThe substitution effect states that an increase in the price of a product will urge buyers to purchase elective products. The substitution effect measures the amount the higher cost encourage buyers to use polar products, assume the same level of income.However customers cant afford the higher price for the baby milk, so there is an income effect on the quantity demanded, which lead the demand curve to leftward.In the context of economic theory, the income effect is the change in an individuals or economys income and how that change will impact the quantity demanded of a good or service. The relationship amid income and the quantity demanded is a positive one, as income increases, so does the quantity of goods and services demanded.Other than the demand has a a few(prenominal) progressions, even the supply will have a few ch anges as well. Suppliers will never do a business without picking up high benefit, so it satisfies the law of supply that when other things remain constant, the higher the price of goods, the more quantity supplied..A price ceiling might be connected to make it illicit to charge a price above the specified amount. The price ceiling ought to be underneath the Equilibrium price so that to warrantee it can bring out the effects needed. This will verify that all legal transactions occurring will be at a price at or underneath the price ceiling. By actualizing a price ceiling for baby milk, parents can then buy baby milk at a trim price and will probably prompt expanded demand. Meanwhile, supply could be relied upon to drop as suppliers will be unwilling to supply a high amount at a lower cost. Hence, deficiency will happen and it will be represented to by a gap between quantity demanded and quantity supplied. Be that as it may it will benefit parents who are non able to buy baby mil k at first.An jump-start choice is that the government present subsidies for baby milk compass points. By presenting subsidies, the government can drive down the price for baby milk in the business sector. This happens as the introduction of subsidies move the supply curve to the right. This expands the quantity supplied and diminishes the price for baby milk. However, this method likewise has its repercussions as the government may cause more expenses as it gives subsidies to the item. In the event that the government set the value higher than the equilibrium price, it will additionally cause issue which is surplus of the baby milk. overabundance is the quantity supplied of the good surpasses the quantity demanded for the goods. Thusly, government cant set the price excessively low or excessively high which will result in enormous issues to customers and suppliers.As I would like to think, this issue is happening on the grounds that baby milk is considered as an inelastic item. This implies that regardless of the fact that the price of baby milk is high, individuals will even now need to purchase them. Some may contend that parents can select less expensive baby milk products, how many parents would really take risk and conceivably hurting the development of their own child? This is the reason baby milk is impressively inelastic. So this demonstrates that baby milk has quite weak substitutes making it inelastic. An alternate test that can demonstrate that baby milk is inelastic is to see the extent of income utilize on child milk. So due to this, numerous business firms comprehend that when they increase the price of baby milk, they can build their aggregate income. Most firms are smart enough to understand that reducing price for inelastic items will just imply that they will make less profit. Since, price of baby milk wont be going lower whenever soon, it is just consistent that parents request a price ceiling to be forced.ConclusionBaby milk is a param ount item in the commercialize and wields pleonasticordinary impact on the development of the future generation. Hence, the government ought to do something inside their capacity to guarantee that parents can afford the price of quality baby milk products for their children. The most proficient path for the government to do so would be to introduce subsidies in the trade for baby milk. This exertion will be the most great and expand the prosperity of children across the country, at the expenses of the need to distribute resources to fund the subsidy. Contrasted with a price ceiling which has numerous inefficiencies, subsidies has significantly more benefits. Executing subsidies will be the best approach with the goal that each child can delight in fitting development in this extremely imperative phase of their lives.ReferencesParents want milk for babies to be made a price controlled item October 6, 2012http//www.thestar.com.my/News/ state/2012/10/06/Parents-want-milk-for-babies- to-be-made-a-price-controlled-item/Income Substitution effect Tejvan R Pettingerhttp//www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/income-substitution-effect/Price Ceilings B. Taylor, 2006http//economics.fundamentalfinance.com/price-ceiling.phpArticleParents want milk for babies to be made a price controlled itemKUALA LUMPUR Parents are urging the government to consider making baby construction a controlled item in order to curb recent price hikes.They are concerned that the manufacturers increase in prices would cause lower income parents to choose the cheapest and lowest quality milk in the market which would jeopardise their babies growth.A mother of two, lady of the house Azila Awaludin, 35, expressed her concern over the volatile prices of the products lately.My husband doesnt earn much and Im forced to choose the cheapest milk for my baby, she told Bernama.Father of one, Al-Hafiz Jaamat Wok, 27, felt the government needed to bet a bigger role in controlling the hike in baby formula prices.The government should subsidise baby milk and not take this issue lightly as many parents are not able to cope with the extra expenses now, he said.Wan Norasikin Abdul Cader, 42, who is a babysitter, said she had to spend an extra RM200 monthly just on baby formula alone.Supermarkets usually offer promotions on other items but never for baby formula, she added.Meanwhile, a Jalan Kasipillay mini market owner, K. Sathiah, 43, explained that people were buying less baby formula since prices started going up recently.Most people have to choose the cheapest milk and we have to sell it lower than the suppliers set prices. I hope the government can do something to control the situation, he said.A media report on Friday said that some baby formula manufacturers had increased prices up to RM15 per kg in the past two weeks and others would follow suit soon.It also quoted Domestic Trade, Cooperatives and Consumerism Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob as saying the government did no t control the prices of baby formula. Bernama

Dynasties Of The Byzantine Empire History Essay

Dynasties Of The convoluted pudding st whizz History EssayThe narrative of the Byzantine Empire begins with the tetrarchy introduced by the papistical Emperor Diocletian in 286 CE and the founding of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern roman Empire in 330 CE by Constantine I. Diocletian had established a tetrarchy. The empire gets its name from Byzantium the spring name Constantinople. Once Constantine changed its name to Constantinople, he did non hesitate to c only it the new Rome making it more important than the waning military unit of Rome. When Constantine came to power he put an end to tetrarchy renewal it with hereditary succession.Although a part of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire was more Grecian than Roman. The principle speech communication was Greek and not Latin and people adopted Christianity sooner than the Romans.Dynasties of the Byzantine empireThe tradition of dynastic rulers based on hereditary succession was set atomic pile by Con stantine (324-337 CE) which continued until Emperor Justinian. This dynasty was also called the Neo Flavian dynasty as every ruler bore the name Flavian.Constantine Dynasty (306 CE to 363 CE)The Constantinian Dynasty (C. 306 CE to 361 CE) ruled all over an empire covering portions of Egypt, Syria and the Balkans (considered to be covering Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova). Emperor Valens (364-378 CE) was the patron of the Valentinian Dynasty.Constantine was a farsighted ruler who had introduced many administrative reforms to upgrade the socio-political structure of the empire. He introduced the metal(prenominal) solidus (coins) which stabilised the economy as it was highly prized.Mosaic of Constantine in Hagia SophiaThe strategic location of Constantinople on the trade route between the East and the atomic number 74 overlooking the Danube River helped Constantine to use to his advantage. He s trengthened the army and extended the fortifications of Constantinople making them impossible to conquer. To ward turned the continuous attacks of foreigners Constantine had started a system of giving subsidies (purportedly 300kg meretricious annually) and also favoured merchants who traded with the Huns and other foreign groups.Constantines successors get toed towards dividing the civil and military authorities which persisted until the seventh century. They further strengthened the defences of Constantinople. The Eastern Empire was spared the hardships of the western United States thanks to effective ecesis and able rulers.Under Constantine Christianity received royal patronage in the form of generous privileges by the emperor butterfly. This helped the worship to reach the masses.The Constantine Dynaty was followed by non dynastic rulers from 363 CE to 364 CE followed by the Valentian dynasty from 364 CE to 379 CE. Under Arcadius, a ruler from the Theodosian dynasty (379 t o 457 CE) the Roman Empire was permanently divided to form the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 395 CE.Leonid Dynasty (457 CE to 518 CE)This dynasty was founded by Leo I (457-474 CE) who make an unsuccessful attempt to reconquering the gallant parts of North Africa. His son-in-law Zeno (474-491 CE) succeeded him as the next emperor as his own son Leo II died after serving for only one year. When the Western Roman Empire fell, Zeno was in charge in the East. Zeno tried to get back the Western Empire by sending a Gothic warrior Theodoric I as the commander-in-chief of Italy. Although Theodoric ruled as an independent king, Zeno maintain at least a nominal supremacy over the Western Empire.Justinian Dynasty (518 CE to 602 CE)Justinian I (527-656 CE) the successor to the founder of the dynasty Justin I, was perhaps the only king who embarked upon the pushful task of uniting the Western and the Eastern Empire. Justinian brought great prosperity to his kingdom. Alth ough an ambitious ruler, some of his policies were unpopular with the masses. This unpopularity nearly cost him his crown during the Nika Riots (532 CE). His queenTheodora encouraged him to suppress the riots sooner than beat a hasty retreat. 30,000 civilians are believed to substantiate been killed in Justinians attempt to suppress the riots.Motivating words of Queen Thoedora that prompted Justinian I to face the Nika Riots were Those who befuddle wear the crown should never survive its loss. Never will I get hold the day when I am not saluted as empress. Royalty is a very well burial shroud, or perhaps, the royal color Purple makes a fine winding sheet.He reclaimed the province of North Africa in 533 CE which had been lost to the Vandals. He reached as far as Italy and defeated the weak Ostrogoths. But the Ostrogoths soon rearranged themselves and came back with double force and evicted his general Belisarius. Justinian entered into a number of treaties with the neighbouring kingdoms to ward off the continuous threat of invasion. By 555 CE, Justinian had won victories in close places except the Balkan territory which was continually invaded by the Slavs.Justinian became universally famous for revising the old Roman legal code and creating the new corpus of laws popularly known as Justinians Code. The code serves as a nates for civil law even nowadays and provides a valuable insight to historians into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire.Justinian was a devout Orthodox Christian which made him intolerable not only to other religions but even to differing ideologies within Christianity. He had vex a patron of Christianity and has even been mentioned in the Bible as a saint. He regulated everything related to religion and law. The bishops of the church building recognised that nothing could be done without the will of the emperor. He brutally suppressed any heresy by opponents of the Church. He promoted monasticism, granting the monks many rights which were rather considered a taboo, wish owning property. He granted them the right to inherit property from private citizens and and revoked the ir right to receive solemnia or the monks right to receive gifts from the gallant treasury or from the taxes of genuine provinces. He aalso prohibited confiscation of monastic estates for any reason.Justinian rereinforced the Church of Hagia Sophia which had been destroyed during the Nika Riots. It served as the principal church of the Byzantine Empire. knobbed ART AND ARCHITECTUREByzantine art was an extension of the Roman art. As Roman art itself was inspired by the Greek art, one can see similarity among the three. However Byzantine art differed with the latter two in its approach which was more abstract than realistic. The figures and figurines in the Byzantine art appear now and one dimensional with little use of shadow to give a lifetime- equal appearance. Faces were long and sign on devoid of any reality.The six th century was regarded as the roaring Age of Byzantine art. One can see a considerable shift in the thinking and application of art in this period. Mathematics was regarded as the highest science and Justinian had appointed Anthemius of Tralles, a mathematician, as one of Hagia Sophias architect. Anthemius described computer architecture as an application of geometry to solid matter. The architecture differs from the traditional style in its doing of the domes and columns. The domes are more semi-circular than the almost circular patterns found in the West. Most of the art depicts scenes from the life of Christ. One of the most important genres of Byzantine art was the icon, an two-bagger of Christ, Virgin Mary or a saint. The kings too found a place of reverence in these religious temples.MOSAICSMosaics were more central to the Byzantine Empire than where they originated the Western Roman Empire. Mosaics were not only found in churches but in every household in the form of sma ll icons to commemorate the life and times of Christ. several(prenominal) even depicted routine life. Mosaic art was at its peak during the fifth and sixth centuries.(From left to right) Mosaic depicting chance(a) life an iconic mosaic from the Patmos Monastery, Greece and a Gladiator mosaic found in CyprusBoy and Donkey, Byzantine MosaicHAGIA SOPHIAAccording to historians the foundation of Hagia Sophia was laid by Constantine I. The Church was built in three phases. The first church was by Constantius II in 360 CE and the second by Theodosius II in 415 CE. During the Nika riots in 532 CE the church was burned to the ground. Justinian built the third phase which is still intact.The Hagia Sophia Museum as it stands today-the minarets were added by the OttomansJustinian was very ambitious about the Hagia Sophia church. The church was constructed so excellently that when it was completed, he exclaimed, Solomon, I have outdone thee He called it the Church of Holy Wisdom. He had bough t the most exotic and majestic materials from all over the Roman Empire east as well western. The Hellenistic columns were ordered from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, large stones from the quarries in Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, Greece black stone from the Bosporus region, and yellow stone from Syria.Some of the few surviving mosaics from the Hagia Sophia Christ and the Virgin MaryTHE BASILICA OF SAN VITALERavenna served as a Byzantine centre in the Italian heartland and many structures were constructed in the city. The Church of San Vitale is one of the finest examples of Byzantine art and architecture in the Western Roman Empire. Although the architect of the structure is unknown, it was sponsored by a Greek banker Julius Argentarius around 527 CE. The Church is a fine combination of Roman and Byzantine art. It has the Roman elements of archways, domes and stepped towers and the Byzantine legacy of polygonal apse (semi circular, arched space in the wall- significant t o Byzantine art), pillars, columns and narrow bricks.Justinian with his soldiers and the clergySan Vitale is famous for the mosaic panels of Emperor Justinian and his queen Theodora. The mosaic of Justinian says a lot about his power and position. He is standing in the middle with soldiers to his right and the clergy on his left including Bishop Maximianus, emphasising Justinian as the leader of both church and the State. He is clad in purple, the royal colour and has a golden halo, which gives him the similar status as Christ.Theodora too is depicted as a goddess, solemn and humble, carrying the chalice that holds the holy wine. She is flanked by priests on the right who are escorting her in the church and a lawcourt of ladies on the left.Theodora being escorted to the ChurchANALYSE THISTheodora, before marrying Justinian was a public entertainer. In those days, this profession was not considered worthy of respect. According to church laws, such women were not well received. Howe ver Justinian fell madly in love with Theodora and in order to make her his queen, abrogated the law and in fact provided better protection for women offenders and created recrudesce cells for women offenders guarded by women guards.Consider the above incident and reflect on what this incident tells us about the power that Justinian held over the Church?How has religion become a tool in the hands of the powerful?abrogated the law and in fact provided better protection for women Is it applicable to the present times? Support your answerwith reasons.Laws have been held to have absolute power however they have been twisted and amended to suit ones need, usually of the powerful. In the present context have you come crosswise any such arbitrary law? Name it/ them and explain why you feel they are arbitrary.Use your grey cellsBeauty in Words hear the following article Talking Turkeyby eminent columnist Jug Suriya describing the beauty of Istanbul, Turkey. Courtesy blog Juggle- Bandhifeat uring in the Times of India website.TURKINAMATALK TURKEYIstanbul has witnessed the seesaw of history between East and WestBunny and i take a boat from Europe to Asia. The journey lasts 20 minutes. We are in Istanbul, and the ferry takes us from Eminonu, which is on the European side of the city, to Uskudar, which is on the Asian side, on the other shore of the Bosphorus.Istanbul formerly known as Constantinople, after the Christian emperor Constantine is the fabled meeting place of Europe and Asia, East and West. The sprawling city of 22 million people is strikingly beautiful, a challenge to the artists brush, the poets phrase. Seven low hills thud down to the sun-spangled Sea of Marmara, flanked on one side by the Bosphorus, which links it to the Black Sea, and on the other side by the inlet of the Golden Horn. The wet is so blue that it has given us the word turquoise, a colour originating in Turkey.Europe and Asia, East and West, rub shoulders in comfortable familiarity. Slee k, French-built tramcars glide noiselessly down broad thoroughfares bounded by bustling pavements where designer-ripped jeans and hijabs go hand in hand. The slender minarets of a myriad mosques conjure a communion of macrocosm and sky, and hard rock discos coexist with dervishes whirling in Sufi ecstasy. In the Grand Bazaar in Beyazit, the fixed price rigidity of the western supermarket is made flexible and fluent by the eastern art of bargaining, for anything and everything, from carpets and spices, to 22-carat gold jewellery and cellphone cards, for the sheer pleasure of it. For what better way for customer and shopkeeper to occur the day than in spirited negotiation, over endless tiny cups of thick, treacle-sweet coffee?This co-mingling of East and West is best represented by the many-domed Ayasofya, billed as one of the most wondrous buildings in the world. Originally called Hagia Sophia, it was built in the sixth century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and for almost a t housand long time it was said to be the worlds largest Christian church. In the 15th century, after Sultan Mehmed II seized Constantinople and changed its name to Istanbul, which simply means The City, Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque and renamed Ayasofya. Five hundred years later, Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, made it into a museum. Ataturk often said to be Turkeys counterpart of Russias Peter the Great tried to westernise his country by making it into a secular state, introducing the Latin alphabet, and adopting the European hat as the national headgear instead of the traditional fez.Today, Ayasofya is still a museum, thronged by visitors who strain their necks to stare in wonder at the mosaic-encrusted central dome, so high that it can accommodate the Statue of Liberty. But Turkey has voted in favour of an Muslim government instead of Ataturks secular dispensation, a development which is one of the impediments to the countrys desired membership of the all-C hristian European Union. East or West? The seesaw of history has unless to settle which of the two Turkey really belongs to.Or perhaps it belongs to both, and in doing so belongs to neither. For Istanbul, more than any other city, is historic proof that East and West are arbitrary geographical and cultural constructs which increasingly are becoming interchangeable with each other. Long before globalisation became a catchphrase, Istanbul that once was Constantinople was dungeon proof of a cosmopolitan universality which underlies the cosmetic changes that history makes on the face of time.We take the ferry from Uskudar back to Eminonu, from Asia to Europe, from East to West. And were still in the same place, still in Istanbul, still in the city which could be given a name no other than The City, unique unto itself.TaskIf you had the choice, which city would you like to visit a city of antiquity and why?LIFE IN THE BYZANTINE EMPIREECONOMY AND SOCIETYThe Eastern Roman Empire was the most prosperous civilisation from the beginning of the Middle Ages until the Arab invasions. Travellers and explorers described it as the most advanced civilisation of the time and were in awe of the people reinforcement in luxury with its superb architectural marvels. Constantinople was a trade haven, extending to Eurasia and North Africa. It was the primary western hub of the silk trade. From Constantinople, the silk was then exported to Egypt, Bulgaria and further west. The state controlled internal and international trade and held a monopoly over issuing coinage. The currency of the Byzantine Empire had a high value in the middle ages. Reforms initiated by Diocletian and Constantine laid the foundations for the Byzantium economy by replacing the gold aureus with the solidus and introducing the follies (coins) in bronze. Coins were minted both in the capital as well as provinces. Many mints were located in large eastern cities like Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Kyzikos, Ravenna and Rome. Major guilds and corporations were supervised through taxation, controlling interest rates and regulating commodity prices.Non-monetary exchange of goods and services through barter was more typical to upstage areas.The Byzantines had a strong hold on commercial activities. Professions were organised in guilds and no one was allowed to belong to two guilds simultaneously. Builders, by law, had to provide a ten-year underwrite of the structure they erectedSolidus of Justinian II from the seventh centuryCoin of Justinian I excavated in India suggesting existence of Indo-Roman tradePeople were engaged in a mixing of professions, agriculture being the predominant occupation. The upper class mostly comprised of the aristocracy, state functionaries, senior military officers and large land owners. The middle class was made up of the merchants, skilled craftsmen and owners of medium size lands and properties while the lower class was made up of wage earners, labourers a nd destitute. Men occupied all the official posts in the imperial courts, bureaucracy and military.Women generally did not actively participate in trade and were confined to household duties however evidence of women engaging in weaving and spinning, moderatening(a) as fruit and vegetable vendors, herb gatherers and kourisses (women who dressed other womens hair employed either privately or in public baths). Women could also have the option of being physicians and midwives. Some served food in guest houses and taverns. Although women were excluded from priesthood, they had a special place in monasteries. Many nunneries in the Byzantine Empire were run by female abbots.FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLDThe Byzantine society worked on the model of paterfamilias. The male exerted absolute authority and took care of the family. The families were extended family with two to three generations living together. Nuclear families existed in urban cities where traders moved and settled with their immediat e family members. The woman of the family raised and cared for the children.The more liberal paterfamilias of the Roman society was reduced to the Greek idea of paternal families where daughters were kept under strict authority of the male relatives and boys were given the freedom to act independently. A woman was invariably accompanied by someone whenever she left house. Kekaumenos, a Byzantine author in his work Strategikon has said, Keep your daughters as prisoners, confined and inconspicuous. Education was limited to reading and writing.Girls got married at the age of thirteen or fourteen and the suitor was selected by the parents. Sometimes professional matchmakers helped in bringing two compatible families together and earned by taking a percentage of the dowry. Girls usually did not have a say in choosing the partner. Marriage was a formal ceremony sanctioned by the church. A woman earned respect in society through her marriage. It was important to have at least one male chil d.LAW AND swanChristianity had pervaded every facet of human life in the Byzantine Empire, including law and order. State laws received a divine sanction as the emperor was held to be Gods earthly representative and so his laws were essential for maintaining stability. An expanding body of Canonical Laws reflect the growing authority of the church.Corpus juris civilis introduced by Justinian I served as a basis for civil jurisprudence. Many later contributions like Nomos Georgikas (Farmers Law) and Rhodian Sea Law were private collections of codes pertaining to rural life and maritime activities respectively.Criminal law mainly addressed instances of theft, robbery, abuse or injury to another person or property. Courts were established to deal with these matters. Punishments ranged from financial compensation, imprisonment, exile and in cases of pre-meditated murder or fatal assault end penalty was awarded.Class barriers existed in the Byzantine Empire too. Convicted elites in ca ses other than treason could lose their titles, personal property or get banished to a monastery or remote province, whereas public flogging, mutilation and execution were the punishments referred for the members of the lower classes. As the influence of the church grew, such punishments were avoided and banishment in monasteries became more common. The church became an asylum for personal penance and spiritual healing.DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIREDecline of the Byzantine Empire was a process which lasted several centuries before the final collapse. Although there is no certain date for the beginning of the decline, historians unanimously agree that it all started with the invasion of the Arabs.The Arabs had conquered territories in the Levant (modern-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories) and Egypt by the ninth century. The loss of Egypt was a substantial turn around as most of the manufactured goods and naturals resources of the Byzantine Empire cam e from the province. Conversely Egypt now proved to be a source of finance to the Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates, giving them the courage and resources to expand. The Byzantine-Arab Wars game the empire not only monetarily but the continuous state of war drained the people of their physical and emotional strength.Between the 11th and 12th centuries, the Seljuk Turks permanently settled in Anatolia. By 1025, the whole of Asia Minor, nearly 70 per cent of the Byzantine Empire was lost to the Seljuks.The Crusades were launched partly to restore the lost glory of the Byzantine Empire but majorly to get back the holy places in and near Jerusalem. However the Crusades added to the financial burden of the Empire and became a reason for its decline.authoritative dates286 CE- Founding of Constantinople by the first Constatnitne Emperor Constantine I.306- Founding of the Constantine Empire by Emperor Constantine.330 -founding of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.360- First Church of Hagia Sophia built by Constantius II.363 to 364- non dynastic rulers.364 to 379 -Valentian dynasty.379 to 457 Theodosian dynasty.395- Final division of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire.415-Second Church of Hagia Sophia built by Theodosius II.457 Founding of the Leonid Dynasty.518 Founding of the Justinian Dynasty by Justin I.523- Nika Riots put down by Justinian I.533- Justinian reclaims the province of North Africa.Use your Grey CellsRECALLDescribe the geographic factors that made Constantinople a centre of cultural diffusion, military defence, and trade.How were the Roman and Byzantine empires connected?What is Justinians Code?How did the Byzantine Empire help to preserve and transmit classical Greek and Roman culture and knowledge?How did Byzantine art and architecture differ from the Romans?ANALYSEJustinians Code helped establish order in the Byzantine Empire. What role do you think rules and laws play today?Given below is a law on slaves from Book I of J ustinians Code. Read it carefully and answer the questions that followSlaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations for among all nations it may be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired by the slave is acquired for the master.Was it a just law?Would this law work today? Why?Justinian uses the words law of nations? Do you think the phrase is exaggerated? Why?In Grade 6, you learnt about Hammurabis Code. How does it differ from Justinians Code? comparing and contrast.Why has codification of law been an important aspect of judicial processes?EVALUATEByzantine Empire has contributed immensely to art and architecture. In light of the statement prize the contribution of Byzantine art.

Views of Heaven in From the Fifteenth District :: Fifteenth District

Views of Heaven in From the Fifteenth District Mavis Gallant presents us with a disconcerting view of death in the short story From the Fifteenth District, where dying is not a salvation from the pains of life just now where the dead be forced to suffer eternally. In this story, the author sets out three distinct cases of haunting, except that these hauntings are reported by the dead about(predicate) the living. major E. Travella, killed during World War I, is angry that he is being exploited by the church and the public. Mrs. Ibrahim is upset that her doctor and social worker are fighting over her death. Finally, Ms. Essling is frustrated that she is unable to get on with her life after death because of her husband. All three of these individuals are harboring anger and hostility after death and are unable to move on and rest in peace.     Major Emery Travella feels as if the church is trying to capitalize on his death. When the Major visits the church for Co mmunion he realizes that the congregation is not there to pay tribute to God but instead, the congregation sits, hushed and expectant straining to hear his footsteps (282) which signal his haunting of the church. The Major is upset that the church is allowing the congregation to make a mockery of the church by devoting their time to him instead of the Communion which should be the reason they are there. The church is also trying to profit by the Majors haunting by allowing cameras and tape recorders into their model of prayer. Travella feels that the church is sacred and is supposed to be seen as a place of worship, not a place to record abnormal phenomena. Major E. Travella feels that he is not being respected by the congregation, instead, he is being insulted by lot only caring about him because he is a ghost, not because of who he was as a living person.     Mrs. Ibrahim is bothered that her doctor and social worker cannot decrease their differences in opinion in their accounts of her death. She does not see the point of fighting over her because she is no longer living and has died of natural causes. They are both prevarication to save themselves from punishment, and even though no one was at fault, they were both trying to place the blame on the other.

Wiliam Faulkners Emily Rose Character Analysis Essay -- essays resear

All Roses Are RedUnreasonably determined to exert one?s own will is the definition of the word pigheaded. William Faulkner is a gray writer who focuses in his work on human experiences and behavior influenced by the South, the Civil War, and the post Civil War effects. In Faulkners, A Rose for Emily, Faulkner constantly depicts Emily as a stubborn character, especially stubborn about changing her way of life. Faulkner uses subtle clues from diction and description as well as obvious statements done dialogue and direct actions to show this quality many times throughout the story.William Faulkner implies Emily?s stubbornness with subtle clues in description and through symbols. Faulkner would like us to take notice of how determined Emily is to resist all change. Everything that Faulkner refers to as hers is outdated and unchanging. He goes to note her house as, ?The only house left? and describes it as ?lifting its stubborn decay?, (206). She resides alone as the only one le ft on her block because everyone else has modernized and moved forth with production a...