Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 14

Human Resource Management - Essay Example nly one can witness a complete symphony between the different business processes, activities and feelings that are so very significantly attached with the business that we are talking about here. Pertinent planning can help a particular company gain so much in accordance with its goals and objectives that had been planned and drafted but in the current times more and more attention and emphasis is making the rounds of the discussion as to whether these plans can actually deliver what was expected of them in the first place. Thus management has the responsibility to plan, organize, lead and control the relevant resources that are present within the realms of the organizational contexts. Since the definition of management takes a clear cut look on the basis of finding the resources available at the organization’s disposal as well as the strategic moves, tactical decisions and tasks and processes that occur within it, there is a dire need to make sure that the top management knows what its business is all about and more significantly it must relate the same to the people who matter the most – the middle tier of the organization which is also known as the knowledge organization. The classical management perspective relied heavily on the placing of tasks and activities on the middle and lower tiers within the organization’s echelon. It focused more on carrying out the tasks at the lower levels and as such there was less accountability and answering when it came to the top management hierarchy present within the organization and indeed running the whole show. The same has changed and that too for the better so to speak. The classical management theo ry has completely faded out and the contemporary management perspective has superseded it on all counts. At the present, the work is supposed to be carried out by a basis of sharing and caring within the organization’s regimes which was not the case say two decades down the road. In keeping with the organizational

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty CHAPTER V From time immemorial man has been emotionally attached to water. Water disputes have existed throughout the history of mankind and various mechanisms to deal with problems have been tried. So far no clear cut directions or conventions have emerged to deal with water disputes. Many organizations, including legal associations, have tried to lay down some principles. The best of these are the Helsinki Rules evolved by the International Law Association in 1966 at its 52 conference at Helsinki [1]. However at best the Helsinki Rules can serve as guidelines and in the case of the sub-continent the conditions are different because they deal with distribution of water for the purpose of irrigation which is not the case of Europe. The recent stresses and strains in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)[2]have been alarming. India has signed several agreements with its neighbours for sharing of waters of the major rivers of the subcontinent. Currently four major treaties govern the di stribution of the waters of Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra. These are the Indus Water Treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan, Sankosh Multipurpose Project treaty (1993) between India and Bhutan, the Ganges Water Sharing Agreement (1996) between India and Bangladesh, and the Mahakali Treaty (1996) between India and Nepal. The reluctance in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)[3] have had many analysts believe the relation between India and Pakistan will be governed to a large extend by issues of water sharing in the years to come. The Indus River System The northern and western part of the Indian subcontinent is irrigated by the Indus River and its system of upper tributaries. The Indus then travels a length of approximately 3000 kms through Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, POK, and Pakistan before entering the Arabian Sea. There are several distributaries that join the Indus River in its journey to the seas and the most important ones which are discussed in this chapter are Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chena band Jhelum rivers. The Indus Tributaries Sutlej: Sutlej is the longest of the many tributaries that join the Indus. The River Sutlej originates in Tibet and runs a course of approximately 1500 kms through the mountain ranges of Himachal Pradesh and enters Pakistan through the plains of Punjab. The Husseiniwala Headworks has been constructed downstream at the junction between of Beas and Sutlej, the closure of which on May 1, 1948 started the water crisis that encouraged the IWT. These Husseiniwals headworks supplied water to the State of Bikaner through Bikaner Canal and the state of Bahawalpurfrom the Depalpur Canal. The Bhakra Dam, which Nehru called the new temple of resurgent India,[4] is also situated on this river. Another important headwork on this Sutlej is Harike that water the Sirhind canal and Rajasthan canal. Chenab: This approximately 1000 km long river originates in Himachal Pradesh and is further augmented by Chandra and Bagha as it enters Jammu and Kashmir. After crossing the Pir Panjal range, it enters the Sialkot district in Pakistan near the town of Akhnoor. The Marala barrage has been built by Pakistan across the river in 1968 as part of its design to harness the water of the river under the provisions of the IWT. Jhelum Kishenganga (Neelum): The Kishenganga river originates in the mountains west of Dras and is further met by a number of tributaries and merges with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad in PoK. The Jhelum River originates in the foothills of the Pir Panjal Ranges near Verinag and then flows through the cities of Anantnag, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. Some of its important tributaries are Lidar, Sindand Vishav. Ravi: This approximately 800 km long river rises in Himachal Pradesh and runs before joining Chenabin Pakistan after flowing past Lahore. The Thien Dam (Ranjit Sagar Dam) has been constructed on this river at the junction of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir States and feeds the Upper Bari Doab Canal. Beas: This approximately 500 km long river originates near Rohtang Passin Himachal Pradesh and flows through Kulu Valley and the Siwalik Range. The Pandoh Dam is located on this and diverts water to Sutlej through the Beas-Sutlej link. The Indus Water Treaty Even prior to 1947, as the irrigation from the Indus river systems covered a number of administrative units and water available was not always sufficient to meet the combined demands, disputes used to arise from time to time between these units for their share of water at different times of the year, and for the different projects contemplated by them[5]. The partition of India in 1947 was a complex problem and one which the then rulers of India did not solve satisfactorily. The problem was further complicated by the presence of several border princely states especially that of Jammu Kashmir as well as the river systems of Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. The Indus river system presented a very complex problem because all the rivers originated either in Jammu and Kashmir or India but the irrigated the areas of Punjab that had been allocated to Pakistan also headworks that regulated the flow of waters of these rivers were allotted to India. Apart from the Punjab Boundary Commission pr oposition that the canal-headworks system be considered as a joint venture, a suggestion discarded by both countries, no deliberations were carried out on water sharing during the process of partition. Problems arising out of water sharing issues of Indus System would later take more than 10 years to resolve. Further complicating this issue, Pakistan covertly and later overtly tried to take control of Jammu Kashmir for many reasons including that of its perceived need to have the rivers of Jammu and Kashmir under its control which creating a feeling of animosity in the minds of the Indian politicians. Both India and Pakistan agreed to a Standstill Agreement on Dec 30, 1947thereby freezing the existing water systems at the two headworks of Madhopur (on theRavi) and Ferozepur (on the Sutlej) until March, 31, 1948[6]. Arbitral Tribunal (AT) was set up under Section Nine of the Indian Independence Act which was meant to resolve any dispute which the Punjab Partition Committee was unable to resolve. The East Punjab government decided to stop the flow of water to West Punjab on 01 April 1948 when the East Punjab government did not respond favorably to the idea of talks and therefore technically there was no agreement between these two government. Incidentally the term of the AT also finished on the same day. At the invitation of East Punjab, the representatives of the two divided-Punjab States met in Simla on15 Apr 1948and signed two Standstill Agreements[7]regarding the Depalpur Canal and Central Bari Doab Canal to be in effect until15 Oct 1948. However, the West Punjab Government refused to approve the Agreement and the PM of Pakistan, called for a meeting. The Finance Minister of Pakistan along with ministers from West Pakistan visited Delhito work out an agreement[8]in the Inter-Dominion Conference held on May 1948.Indiaagreed to release of water from the headworks, but made it obvious that Pakistan could not lay claim to these waters. Mr Eugene R. Black, the President of the World Bank visited India and Pakistan in 1951 and suggested that a team of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers to solve the functional aspect of water sharing without getting involved in the political issues. The two countries accepted this mediation[9]. The World Bank also asked both the sides to give out their plan for the division of the water resources which both the countries did by Oct 53. While the plans of both the country were remarkably similar on the issue of availability of water it varied considerably on the critical issues of requirement[10]. In order to resolve the dispute, the World Bank finally proposed its own plan in Feb 1954 as India and Pakistan had failed to reach a consences. The plan offered the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers to Pakistan whereas the three remaining rivers were offered to India. India accepted the proposal whereasP akistan gave only a qualified acceptance to the proposal. The plan suggested by the World Bank was far closer to the Indian proposal than that of the Pakistan one and in a way consolidated Indias position. Pakistan was not satisfied with this plan and even made a threat of withdrawing from the negotiations. Eventually the plan was not fully transformed into a settlement but provided provision for future negotiations which continued for the next six years.[11] [12]In the absence of a full agreement India and Pakistan signed an Interim Agreement in June 1955. As no definite agreement could be reached, the World Bank announced in Apr 1956 that the negotiation deadline has been indefinite ly extended.[13] Under the World Bank plan, Pakistan was to construct barrages and canals to divert the Western river waters so as to compensate the loss of Eastern rivers. The final treaty was signed by the head of states of the two country in the presence of the World Bank President on 19 Sep 1960. The treaty allocated the three Eastern Rivers to India and the three Western rivers largely to Pakistan. The IWT enunciated a mechanism to exchange regularly flow-data of rivers, canals and streams. A Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) was constituted, headed by two Commissioners, one from each country. The PIC is expected to meet at least once a year alternately in India and Pakistan and submit an annual report to their respective Governments before June, 30thevery year. The IWT has seen several issues that have rocked the very foundation of the treaty. No more issue was more publicized than the aftermath of the attacks on the Indian Parliament. There was also a widespread demand within India for withdrawal from the IWT after the attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001. Apart from this some of the contentious issues have been elaborated in the succeeding paragraphs. The Tulbul Navigation Lock/Wullar Barrage Issue In order to improve navigation in the Wullar Lake , India planned to construct a barrage on the entrance of the lake so as to raise the flow of water as also increase the depth to accommodate larger vessels. This would result in the increase of the storage capacity of the lake and therefore Pakistan objected to the supposedly consummative use of water. Pakistans objection[14] [15]stems from two issues, one India needs to get consensus of the design from Pakistan and two, it cannot store waters as per IWT on the Jhelum Main anything in excess of 0.01 MAF. Pakistan also feels that any storage of water on the Jhelum is a security risk as it would provide India with the capability to control the flow of water into Pakistan which could be used in an offensive nature. Indias argument[16]is that such a construction will not reduce the amount of water flowing to Pakistan and in fact it would also be beneficial to Pakistan by regulating water flow to Mangla Dam. When the agreement was reached in 1991, the only point of contention that remained was the timing of the filling up of the lake. The Salal Hydroelectric Project This was the first major dispute successfully resolved bilaterally under IWT. The project provides waters to Pakistan in a regulated manner but involves no diversion by India. However, Pakistan successfully objected to the construction of the six anti-siltation sluice gates which resulted in decreased power generation capacity. India also agreed to reduce the heights of the spillway gates from 40 feet to 30 feet. The Ranbir and Pratap Canals The Ranbir Canal, were built by the Dogra rulers of Jammu and Kashmir and were meant to water the areas of Miran Sahib, Vijaypur and Madhopur. Under the treaty, India is allowed to take out a fixed quantity of water for these channels. Many restrictions, such as quantum and dates of withdrawal have been imposed on India by the IWT. The Kishenganga Project[17] The project involves the construction of a 103 metre dam before the crosses the Line of Control (LoC) and a channel and a 27 Km long tunnel through the North Kashmirranges to transport the water to the Wullar lake where a hydroelectric power station will be built as part of an integrated project. Pakistan objects to the Kishenganga project as it suspected that it would have an adverse impact on its envisaged 969-MW Neelum-Jhelumpower plant. This project was initially planned for 1994-1997 but lies inactive because of lack of funds. The Indian Kishenganga project is expected to lead to a shortfall of 21% loss of water flow in Neelum resulting in a 9% reduction in power for the Pakistani project.[18] The Baglihar Project The dispute over the Baglihar is technically complex. Pakistan has raised six objections relating to project configuration : free board, spillway ( ungated or gated), firm power, pondage, level of intake, inspection during plugging of low level intake, and wheather the structure is meant to be a low weir or a dam[19].One set of objections relates to the dams storage capacity, a second to the power intake tunnels, and a third to the spillways. As for the dams storage capacity, Pakistani officials call attention to the treatys allowance of only run of the river dams. Such dams are by definition non-storage dams-in other words, power is generated from normal river flow, the tapping of running not dammed water. In practice, Pakistanis concede, some storage is essential (and is explicitly authorized by the treaty): there is, after all, considerable (especially seasonal) variation in the flow of rivers, a fact that necessitates installation of sufficient storage to enable stable, efficient operation of the hydroelectric plant on a regular, year round basis. Pakistani officials maintain that the Baglihar dams design supplies India with the means, on the one hand, to economically squeeze, starve or strangulate Pakistan, or, on the other hand, to flood Pakistan, conceivably for military purposes. They argue, moreover, that the Baglihar dam has huge precedent-setting importance: for Pakistan to compromise on Baglihar, they say, would set a precedent that India could invoke whenever it liked elsewhere on the Chenab or Jhelum rivers. Dr Raymond Lafitte of the Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, Switzerland, was appointed by the World Bank and confirmed by India and Pakistan in May 2005 as the neutral arbitrator. Though Lafitte ruled favorably towards India on three of the four main criteria, both nations claimed victory[20].Each emphasized points of the ruling that favored their respective initial positions. Reasons for Success In spite of the various points of conflict in the IWT, the treaty can still be sited as an example of successful mediation by an international organization in dispute resolution. A unique mix of circumstances contributed to the success of the effort[21] :- The World Bank played the honest broker honestly and impartially. As both countries lacked financial resources to undertake projects independently the position of the World Bank became highly influential. The discussion was consciously restricted to engineering principles and facts and filtered out all political discourse from the issue. Despite the treatys success over the past decades, India and Pakistan have experienced numerous disputes over modifications to the flow of rivers. The increasing need to maintain a steady flow of water for survival and the recent rise in disagreement over aspects of the treaty raise the question of whether the treaty is still adequate[22]. Disagreements on construction of new reservoirs, declining ground water potential and the growing number of disputes with India[23] after a relatively uneventful period has complicated the situation for Pakistan and therefore arises the need to re-work the treaty. Indias Water Wealth, pp210. 6032. TheINDUSWATERS TREATY 1960 between THE GOVERNMENT OFINDIA, THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANAND THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. A River Story, Nandita Bhavnani,The Hindu,June 6, 2004 http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004060600580800.htmdate=2004/06/06/prd=mag Department of Irrigation, Govt. of Rajasthan, http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/4bhakhra.htm Indias Water Wealth, pp211. Ibid, pp211. Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdf Inter-Dominion Agreement, between the GoI and GoP on the Canal Water Dispute between East and WestPunjab. Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdf IndusWater Treaty: Case Study, Transboundary Fresh Water Dispute Database http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/ TheIndusWaters Treaty: A History by TheHenryL.StimsonCenter Fostering Riparian Cooperation in International River Basins, Syed Kirmani, Guy Le Moigne World Bank Technical Paper # 335, January 1997 World Bank Historical Chronology 1950-1959 Water Disputes inSouth Asia, Farzana Noshab, Nadia Mushtaq,Strategic Studies, Summer 2001, No.3, Vol. XXI, the Institute of Strategic Studies,Islamabad InternationalRiverWaters inSouth Asia: Source of Conflict or Cooperation? http://irs.org.pk/spotlight.htm#VIII Delhi Round of Indo-Pak Talks-II Tulbul Navigation Project/Wular Barrage, Mallika Joseph http://www.ipcs.org/newKashmirLevel2.jsp?action=showViewkValue=466subCatID=nullmod=null 330-MW Kishenganga Project gets Technical Clearance,Iftikhar Gilani,KashmirTimes http://kasmirtimes.com/archive/0406/040619/news2.htm Ibid Two Neighbours and aTreaty: Bagliar Project in Hot Waters by Rajesh Sinha, Water Conflicts in India ,pp394. Resource Disputes in South Asis: Water Scarcity and the Potential for Interstate Conflicts, Emma Condon, Office of South Asia Analysis , US CIA, pp 6. The Role of Independent Third Party Arbitration in Cross Border Water Disputes by Nishesh Mehat. The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis : Prospect for Interstate Conflict, James F Brennan. The Indus Water Treaty , Subrahmanyam Sridhar.

The Miners Strike 1984 Essay -- British Coal, Margaret Thatcher vs Tra

Throughout the century British coal had become increasingly costly and difficult to mine. Nationalization in 1948 had not altered this. Indeed, there was a case for saying that lack of government investment since that date had added to the problem. For some time Britain had been importing coal from abroad. With the exception of few pits producing particular types of coal, British mines by the 1970s were running at loss. When Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister the first thing she wanted to do was limit union power. She felt that union power applied to nationalized industrial monopolies resulted in poor service at exorbitant cost to the taxpayers. She pointed to inefficient work practices, over employment and restrictive employment conditions such as the all union â€Å"closed shop†. The Thatcher government declared its unwillingness to put further public money into an industry which had little chance of being able to recover its place in a competitive market. â€Å"The policies of this government are clear – to destroy the coal industry and the NUM† – Union leader Arthur Scargill. B...

Individual autonomy and social structure Essay

In â€Å"Individual Autonomy and Social Structure†, Dorothy Lee discusses how in today’s society, it is â€Å"difficult to implement human dignity in the everyday details of living.† (pg.5, Lee) However, Lee discusses how by analysing different cultures and how they deal with similar situations, it is possible to come up with a solution for this society. The key social problem Lee addresses is the conflict between personal autonomy and the social structure. Personal autonomy is the ability one person has to determine their own actions and path. However, in the American social structure that Lee describes, American society believes that â€Å"the implication of personal autonomy may lead to lawlessness and chaos† (Lee). This would disrupt the Western social structure that is already in place, however, Lee points to many examples in the text, one of them being the Wintu Indians that show that structure makes autonomy possible and groups of autonomy make social structure. Lee refers to the Wintu Indians language, specifically the way the Wintu Indians speak to each other and refer to each other. In her research, Lee notices that the Wintu Indians way of referring to family members does not put them at a higher or lower level, but rather an equal level, which signifies respect. For example, if someone has a sister, they would not say â€Å"I have a sister†, instead, they would say â€Å"I am sistered†. Lee also notes that this respect is shown towards everyone. The Wintu Indians do not â€Å"permit† each other to do things, rather, when a child asks â€Å"Can I?†, they are not asking permission, but they are asking if it is a good idea. The way the Wintu Indians speak to each other shows that they are all in fact on the same level with each other. No one is above another – there is no hierarchy. The way they speak also shows that each individual is given the same respect, a child and an adult, a father and son, even a member of the village and the chief, are all respected the same. This is important as respect for a personal individual is the key for harmonization. In this chapter, Lee has shown that â€Å"law and limits and personal autonomy can coexist effectively† (Lee) by drawing examples from other cultures and their social structure. The key solution Lee

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 4

Thierry knelt by the window, careful not to make a noise or disturb the dry earth beneath him. It was a skill so familiar to his body that he might have been born with it. Darkness was his native environment; he could melt into a shadow at an instant's notice or move more quietly than a stalking cat. But right now he was looking into the light. He could see her. Just the curve of her shoulder and the spill of her hair, but he knew it was her. Beside him, Lupe was crouched, her thin body human but quivering with animal alertness and tension. She whispered, softer than a breath, â€Å"All right?† Thierry tore his gaze from that shoulder to look at her. Lupe's face was bruised, one eye almost closed, lower lip torn. But she was smiling. She'd stuck around Medicine Rock until Thierry had arrived, tailing the girl called Hannah Snow, making sure no harm came to her. Thierry took Lupe's hand and kissed it. You're an angel, he told her, and made even less sound than she had in speaking because he didn't use his vocal chords at all. His voice was telepathic. And you deserve a long vacation. My limo's at the tourist resort in Clearwater; take it to the airport at Billings. â€Å"But-you're not planning to stay here alone, are you? You need backup, sir. If she comes-â€Å" I can take care of things. I brought something to protect Hannah. Besides she won't do anything until she talks to me. â€Å"But-â€Å" Lupe, go. His tone was gentle, but it was unmistakably not the urging of a friend anymore. It was the order of her liege lord, Thierry of the Night World, who was accustomed to being obeyed. Funny, Thierry thought, how you never realized how accustomed you were to being obeyed until somebody defied you. Now, he turned away from Lupe and looked through the cracks in the boarded-up window again. And promptly forgot that Lupe existed. The girl on the couch had turned. He could see her face. Shock coursed through him. He had known it was her-but he hadn't known that it would look so much like her. Like the way she had looked the first time, the first time she had been born, the first time he had seen her. This was what he thought of as her true face, and though he'd seen various approximations of it through the years, he'd never seen it again. Until now. This was the exact image of the girl he'd fallen in love with. The same long, straight fair hair, like silk in different shades of wheat color, spilling over her shoulders. The same wide gray eyes that seemed full of light. The same steady expression, the same tender mouth, upper lip indenting the lower to give her a look of t unintentional sensuality. The same fine bone structure, the high cheekbones and graceful line of jaw that made her a sculptor's dream. The only thing that was different was the birthmark. The psychic brand. It was the color of watered wine held up to the light, of watermelon ice, of a pink tourmaline, the palest of gemstones. Blushing rose. Like one large petal, slantwise beneath her cheekbone. As if she'd laid a rose against her cheek for a moment and it had left its imprint on her flesh. To Thierry, it was beautiful, because it was part of her. She'd worn it in every lifetime after the first. But at the same time the very sight of it made his throat clamp shut and his fists clench in helpless grief and fury-fury against himself. The mark was his shame, his punishment. And his penance was to watch her wear it in her innocence through the years. He would pour out his blood on the dry Montana dirt right now if it would take the mark away. But nothing in either the Night World or the human world could do that-at least nothing he'd found in uncounted years of searching. Oh, Goddess, he loved her. He hadn't allowed himself to feel it for so long- because the feeling could drive him insane while he was away from her. But now it came over him in a flood that he couldn't have resisted if he'd tried. It made his heart pound and his body tremble. The sight of her lying there, warm and alive, separated from him by only a few flimsy boards and an equally flimsy human male†¦ He wanted her. He wanted to yank off the boards, step through the window, brush aside the red-haired man, and take her in his arms. He wanted to carry her off into the night, holding her close to his heart, to some secret place where nobody could ever find her to hurt her. He didn't. He knew†¦ from experience†¦ that it didn't work. He'd done it once or twice, and he'd paid for it. She had hated him before she died. He would never risk that again. And so now, on this spring night near the turn of the millennium in the state of Montana in the United States of America, all Thierry could do was kneel outside a window and watch the newest incarnation of his only Jove. He didn't realize at first, though, what his only love was actually doing. Lupe had told him that Hannah Snow was seeing a psychologist. But it was only now, listening to what was going on in the room that Thierry slowly realized exactly what Hannah and the psychologist were up to. They were trying to recover her memories. Using hypnosis. Breaking into her subconscious as if it were some bank vault. It was dangerous. Not just because the guy performing the hypnosis didn't seem to know what he was doing. But because Hannah's memory was a time-bomb, full of trauma for her and deadly knowledge for any human. They shouldn't be doing this. Every muscle in Thierry's body was tense. But there was no way he could stop it. He could only listen-and wait. Paul repeated with slow resignation, â€Å"He's not human.† â€Å"No. He's a Lord of the Night World. He's powerful†¦ and evil,† Hannah whispered. â€Å"He's lived for thousands of years.† She added, almost absently, â€Å"I'm the one who's been reincarnated.† â€Å"Oh, terrific. Well, that's a twist.† â€Å"You don't believe me?† Paul seemed to suddenly remember that he was talking with a patient-and a hypnotized patient at that. â€Å"No, I-I mean, I don't know what to believe. If it's a fantasy, there's got to be something underneath it, some psychological reason for you to make it all up. And that's what we're looking for. What all this means to you.† He hesitated, then said with new determination, â€Å"Let's take you back to the first time you met this guy. Okay, I want you to relax in the light; you're feeling very good. And now I want you to go back through time, just like turning back the pages of a book. In your mind, go back. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hannah's ordinary mind was intruding, waking up, overriding the dreamy part of her that had been answering Paul's questions. â€Å"Wait, I-I don't know if that's a good idea.† â€Å"We can't figure this out until we find out what it all symbolizes; what it means to you.† Hannah still didn't feel convinced, but she had the feeling she wasn't supposed to argue under hypnosis. Maybe it doesn't matter, though, she thought. I'm waking up now; I probably won't be able to go back. â€Å"I want you to see yourself as fifteen years old, see yourself as fifteen. Go back to the time when you were fifteen. And now I want you to see yourself at twelve years old; go in your mind to the time when you are twelve. Now go farther back, see yourself at nine years old, at six years old, at three years old. Now go back and see yourself as a baby, as an infant. Feel very comfortable and see yourself as a tiny baby.† Hannah couldn't help but listen. She did feel comfortable, and her mind did show her pictures as the years seemed to turn back. It was like watching a film of her life running backward, herself getting smaller and smaller, and in the end tiny and bald. â€Å"And now,† the soothing, irresistible voice said, â€Å"I want you to go farther back. Back to the time before you were born. The time before you were born as Hannah Snow. You are floating in the red light, you feel very relaxed, and you are going back, back†¦ to the time when you first met this man you think of as Thierry. Whatever that time might be, go back. Go back to the first time.† Hannah was being drawn down a tunnel. She had no control and she was scared. It wasn't like the rumored near-death tunnel. It was red, with translucent, shining, pulsing walls-something like a womb. And she was being pulled or sucked through it at ever-increasing speed. No, she thought. But she couldn't say anything. It was all happening too fast and she couldn't make a sound. â€Å"Back to the first time,† Paul intoned, and his words set up a sort of echo in Hannah's head, a whispering of many voices. As if a hundred Hannahs had all gotten together and murmured sibilantly, â€Å"The First Time. The First Time.† â€Å"Go back†¦ and you will begin to see pictures. You will see yourself, maybe in a strange place. Go back and see this.† The First Time†¦ No, Hannah thought again. And something very deep inside her whimpered, â€Å"I don't want to see it.† But she was still being pulled through the soft red tunnel, faster and faster. She had a feeling of unimaginable distance being crossed. And then †¦ she had a feeling of some threshold being reached. The First Time. She exploded into darkness, squirted out of the tunnel like a watermelon seed between wet ringers. Silence. Dark. And then-a picture. It opened like a tiny leaf unfolding out of a seed, got bigger until it surrounded her. It was like a scene from a movie, except that it was all around her, she seemed to be floating in the middle of it. â€Å"What do you see?† came Paul's voice softly from very far away. â€Å"I see†¦ me,† Hannah said. â€Å"It's me-it looks just like me. Except that I don't have a birthmark.† She was full of wonder. â€Å"Where are you? What do you see yourself doing?† â€Å"I don't know where I am.† Hannah was too amazed to be frightened now. It was so strange . .. she could see this better than any memory of her real life. The scene was incredibly detailed. At the same time, it was completely unfamiliar to her. â€Å"What I'm doing†¦ I'm holding†¦ something. A rock. And I'm doing something with it to a little tiny†¦ something.† She sighed, defeated, then added, â€Å"I'm wearing animal skins! It's a sort of shirt and pants all made of skins. It's unbelievably†¦ primitive. Paul, there's a cave behind me.† â€Å"Sounds like you're really far back.† Paul's voice sounded in stark contrast to Hannah's wonder and excitement. He was clearly bored. Amused, resigned, but bored. â€Å"And-there's a girl beside me and she looks like Chess. Like my best friend, Chess. She's got the same face, the same eyes. She's wearing skins, too†¦ some kind of skin dress.† â€Å"Yeah, and it has about the detail of most of the past-life regressions in this book,† Paul said wryly. Hannah could tell he was flipping pages. â€Å"You're doing something to something with a rock. You're wearing some kind of skins. The book's full of descriptions like that. People who want to imagine themselves in the olden days, but who don't know the first thing about them,† he muttered to himself. Hannah didn't wait for him to remember that he was talking to a hypnotized patient. â€Å"But you didn't tell me to be the person back then. You just told me to see it.† â€Å"Huh? Oh. Okay, then, be that person.† He said it so casually. Panic spurted through Hannah. â€Å"Wait-I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But it was happening. She was falling, dissolving, merging into the scene around her. She was becoming the girl in front of the cave. The First Time†¦ Distantly, she heard her own voice whispering, â€Å"I'm holding a flint burin, a tool for drilling. I'm boring holes in the tooth of an arctic fox.† â€Å"Be that person,† Paul was repeating mechanically, still in the bored voice. Then he said, â€Å"What?† â€Å"Mother's going to be furious-I'm supposed to be sorting fruit we stored last winter for the Spring, Gathering. There's not much left and it's mostly rotten. But Ran killed a fox and gave the skull to Ket, and we've spent all morning knocking the teeth out and making them into a necklace for Ket. Ket just has to have something new to wear every festival.† She heard Paul say softly, â€Å"Oh, my God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then he swallowed and said, â€Å"Wait-you want to be a paleontologist, right? You know about old things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I want to be a what? I'm going to be a shaman, like Old Mother. I should get married, but there's nobody I want. Ket keeps telling me I'll meet somebody at a gathering, but I don't think so.† She shivered. â€Å"Weird-I've got chills all of a sudden. Old Mother says she can't see my destiny. She pretends that's nothing to worry about, but I know she's worried. That's why she wants me to be a shaman, so I can fight back if the spirits have something rotten in mind for me.† Paul said, â€Å"Hannah-uh, let's just make sure we can get you out of this, all right? You know, in case that should become necessary. Now, when I clap my hands you're going to awaken completely refreshed. Okay? Okay?† â€Å"My name's Hana.† It was pronounced slightly differently: Hah-na. â€Å"And I'm already awake. Ket is laughing at me. She's threading the teeth on a sinew string. She says I'm daydreaming. She's right; I wrecked the hole for this tooth.† â€Å"When I clap my hands, you're going to wake up. When I clap my hands, you're going to wake up. You will be Hannah Snow in Montana.† A clap. â€Å"Hannah, how do you feel?† Another clap. â€Å"Hannah? Hannah?† â€Å"It's Hana. Hana of the River People. And I don't know what you're talking about; I can't be somebody else.† She stiffened. â€Å"Wait-something's happening. There's some kind of commotion from the river. Something's going on.† The voice was desperate. â€Å"When I clap my hands-â€Å" â€Å"Shh. Be quiet.† Something was happening and she had to see it, she had to know. She had to stand up. †¦ Hana of the Three Rivers stood up. â€Å"Everybody's all excited by the river' she told Ket. â€Å"Maybe Ran fell in,† Ket said. â€Å"No, that's too much to hope for. Hana, what am I going to do? He wants to mate me, but I just can't picture it. I want somebody interesting, somebody different. . . ,† She held up the half-finished necklace. â€Å"So what do you think?† Hana barely glanced at her. Ket looked wonderful, with her short dark hair, her glowing slanted green eyes, and her mysterious smile. The necklace was attractive; red beads alternated with delicate milky-white teeth. â€Å"Fine, beautiful. You'll break every heart at the gathering. I'm going down to the river.† Ket put down the necklace. â€Å"Well, if you insist- wait for me.† The river was broad and fast-flowing, covered with little white-capped waves because it had just been joined by two tributaries. Hana's people had rived in the limestone caves by the three rivers for longer than anyone could remember. Ket was behind her as Hana made her way through new green cattails to the bend in the river. And then , she saw what the fuss was about. There was a stranger crouching in the reeds. That was exciting enough-strangers didn't come very often. But this stranger was like no man Hana had ever seen. â€Å"It's a demon,† Ket whispered, awed. It was a young man-a boy a few years older than Hana herself. He might have been handsome in other circumstances. His hair was very light blond, lighter than the dry grass of the steppes. His face was well-made; his tall body was lithe. Hana could see almost all of that body because he was only wearing a brief leather loincloth. That didn't bother her; everybody went naked in the summer when it was hot enough. But this wasn't summer; it was spring and the days could still be chilly. No sane person would go traveling without clothes. But that wasn't what shocked Hana, what held her standing there rigid with her heart pounding so hard she couldn't breathe. It was the rest of the boy's appearance. Ket was right-he was clearly a demon. His eyes were wrong. More like the eyes of a lynx or a wolverine than the eyes of a person. They seemed to throw the pale sunlight back at you when you looked into them. But the eyes were nothing compared to the teeth. His canine teeth were long and delicately curved. They came to a sharp and very non-human point. Almost involuntarily, Hana looked down at the fox tooth she still held in her palm. Yes, they were like that, only bigger. The boy was filthy, caked with mud from the river, his blond hair ruffled crazily, his eyes staring wildly from side to side. There was blood on his mouth and chin. â€Å"He's a demon, all right,† one of the men said. Five men were standing around the crouching boy, several of them with spears, others with hastily grabbed rocks. â€Å"What else could have a human body with animal eyes and teeth?† â€Å"A spirit?† Hana said. She didn't realize that she was going to say it until the words were out. But then, with everybody looking at her, she drew herself up tall. â€Å"Whether he's a demon or a spirit, you'd better not hurt him. It's Old Mother who should decide what to do with him. This is a matter for shamans.† â€Å"You're not a shaman yet,† another of the men said. It was Arno, a very broad-shouldered man who was the leader of the hunters. Hana didn't like him. And she wasn't sure why she had spoken up in favor of the stranger. There was something in his eyes, the look of a suffering animal. He seemed so alone, and so frightened-and so much in pain, even though there were no visible wounds on his body. â€Å"She's right, we'd better take him to Old Mother,† one of the hunters said. â€Å"Should we hit him on the head and tie him up, or do you think we can just herd him?† But at that moment, a high thin sound came to Hana over the rushing of the river. It was a woman screaming. â€Å"Help me! Somebody come help me! Ryl's been attacked!†

Federalist No.10 essays

Federalist No.10 essays In Federalist No. 10, Madison has written about how factions have caused negative influence on the public administration. Factions being a problem and problems must have causes; therefore there are causes to factions. When the causes of a problem have been defined, then you will be able to develop some methods to remove the problem. Better yet, if the methods to remove the problem seem to be impracticable, a solution needs to be developed to prevent any further recurrence of factions. The principal cause of a faction can be summed up as, united and activated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, on to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. The other causes of factions are shown in the nature of man. We see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society. The principal cause of a faction has been defined; now some methods to remove the problem of factions can be developed. First method is to destroy the liberty, which is essential to its existence. Another method is by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interest. These two methods are unwise and impracticable because as long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. Since the methods of removal will not work, a solution will be formed to cure the problem of factions. A large republic will be the best solution to factions. In a large Republic it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with success the vicious arts, by which elections are too often carried because they will be chosen by a greater number of citizens than in smaller republic. In the end, Madison has not written what has not been true; factions have caused negative influence on the public administration. The causes of factions are visible...

Douglass essays

Douglass essays Slavery was perhaps one of the most appalling tragedies in the history of the United States of America. As explained in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, each slave had a different experience with slavery, but they all had certain things in common and a couple of those things were a life of unthinkable acts of cruelty and the desire to become free. In Douglass Narrative, he explains his life as a slave and how he uses his education and extraordinary ability of speaking to influence the freedom of all slaves. In reading the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, I like others, found myself to be deeply moved. The way in which Mr. Douglass walked me through his life as a slave gave me a better understanding of the struggle that African American slaves encountered. Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland, but he does not know the year, as most slaves are not allowed to know their ages. He points out that slave owners deliberately keep their slaves ignorant, and that this is a tactic whites us to gain power over slaves. This is the recurrent structure Douglass uses in his narrative. I find this to be interesting, and wonder why that is. How does not knowing the age of ones self keep them ignorant? I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant.(pg.19) However, based on an overheard comment from his master, Douglass guesses that he was born in or around 1818. Douglasss mother was Harriet Bailey, and they were separated soon after birth, a common practice among slave owners. Douglass assumes that this cust om is intended to break the natural bond of affection between mother and child. For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless it i...

Saint Marys University of Minnesota Admissions Data

Saint Mary's University of Minnesota Admissions Data Saint Marys University of Minnesota Admissions Overview: Admissions at Saint Marys University are generally openin 2016, the school admitted over three-quarters of applicants. Students with good grades and test scores within or above the ranges listed below have a good chance of being accepted to the school. In order to apply, interested students will need to submit an application (which can be sent in online), official high school transcripts, scores from the SAT or the ACT, and a writing sample. For complete requirements and other important information (like deadlines and addresses), be sure to visit the schools website. If you have any questions about applying, or would like to visit the campus, be sure to get in touch with the admissions office at Saint Marys. Admissions Data (2016): Saint Marys University of Minnesota Acceptance Rate: 79%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 460  / 540SAT Math: 440  / 570SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 20  / 26ACT English: 19  / 25ACT Math: 19  / 26What these ACT numbers mean Saint Marys University of Minnesota Description: Saint Marys University of Minnesota is a private, Lasallian Catholic university whose 400-acre undergraduate campus is located in Winona, Minnesota, a town about 50 minutes east of Rochester. The university has a 13 to 1 student / faculty ratio, and undergraduates can choose from roughly 60 bachelor degree programs. The university ranks highly among midwestern colleges, and results from the National Survey of Student Engagement show that most Saint Marys students found their college experience to be extremely positive. On the athletic front, the Saint Marys Cardinals compete in the NCAA Division III Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC).   Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 5,640  (1,590 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 46% Male / 54% Female73% Full-time Costs (2016- 17): Tuition and Fees: $32,575Books: $1,300 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,635Other Expenses: $1,490Total Cost: $44,00 Saint Marys University of Minnesota Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 99%Loans: 63%Average Amount of AidGrants: $21,115Loans: $8,368 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business, Criminal Justice, Human Resources Management, Marketing Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 70%4-Year Graduation Rate: 51%6-Year Graduation Rate: 61% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Track and Field, Soccer, Ice Hockey, Swimming and Diving, Golf, Baseball, Basketball, Tennis, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Ice Hockey, Swimming and Diving, Volleyball, Basketball, Track and Field, Softball, Golf, Tennis, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics More Minnesota Colleges - Information and Admissions Data: Augsburg  | Bethel  | Carleton  | Concordia  College  Moorhead  | Concordia  University  Saint  Paul  | Crown  | Gustavus  Adolphus  | Hamline  | Macalester  | Minnesota  State  Mankato  | North  Central  | Northwestern  College  | Saint  Benedict  | St.  Catherine  | Saint  Johns  | Saint  Marys  | St.  Olaf  | St.  Scholastica  | St.  Thomas  | UM  Crookston  | UM  Duluth  | UM  Morris  | UM  Twin  Cities  | Winona  State Saint Marys University of Minnesota Mission Statement: mission statement from  smumn.edu/about/mission-vision Enriched by the Lasallian Catholic heritage, Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota awakens, nurtures, and empowers learners to ethical lives of service and leadership.

Service Contracting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Service Contracting - Essay Example 2. Feasibility study is essential in evaluating the practicality of a project. Normally, when services providers are solicited through an RFP (request for proposal), a solicited proposal is developed and feasibility analysis is carried out in order to assess the associated costs, risks and timelines. Feasibility analyses help in mitigating the risks and provide a cost-effective way for service providers to proceed with the project. 3. Contractor selection occurs on the basis of the submitted proposals. The solicitation contains the criteria for selection of the contractor in addition to other instructions relating to the evaluation process (Le Roux, 2007). The exact proposal evaluation process for awarding of contract varies. However, contract awarding and the proposal evaluation processes are prone to biases such as lack of competition, less number of submitted proposals, deviation from the company’s policies, and lack of compliance. Manny issues stem from lack of competition itself, for example, monopolistic pricing. 4. The best practice is to ensure that the selected contractor possesses the ability to meet the needs of the project. All written contracts should be formally documented and the specifications and requirements must be clearly defined beforehand. In addition, there must be a sufficient level of completion, that is, there must be a sufficient number of proposals received before the contract is awarded (Savas. 2005). If not, a sole source justification must be provided making a case for the only supplier. Auditing of the evaluation process and contract awarding must be carried out in order to ensure compliance with the policies in addition to contract monitoring. 5. Contract monitoring allows the contractors to be looked out for their compliance with the ethical standards and policies. In case of any deviations, law enforcement agencies as well as the

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Article review - Essay Example 1). A Mouse Resource Browser (MSR) was presented, â€Å"a database of mouse databases that indexes 217 publicly available mouse resources under 22 categories and uses a standardised database description framework (the CASIMIR DDF) to provide information on their controlled vocabularies (ontologies and minimum information standards), and technical information on programmatic access and data availability† (Zouberakis, et.al., 2010, par. 1). The discourse briefly introduced the need to achieve the authors’ identified objective and progressed by proffering the design, implementation and accessibility of the proposed database. The MRB which was the focus of the article was described as â€Å"the front-end of a relational, fully normalized PostgreSQL database, and is a typical Java EE application that follows the MVC architectural pattern, generating three transparent layers: the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) layer, the intermediate Session layer and the interface/web layer† (Zouberakis, et.al., 2010, par. 5). The general content of the article was explained in greater detail in terms of management, delivery and structure. Likewise, an online questionnaire was designed for curatorial purposes. Several illustrations and graphical representations were provided to diagram the MRB architecture and to depict the online responses, curatorial information, ontologies, and accessibility, among others. Finally, a discussion of the proposed MRB’s beneficial contributions to scientists and professionals in the fields of genetics and biomedical sciences was clearly expounded; and the source of funding was appropriately acknowledged. The authors were effective in attaining their objective to â€Å"provide useful information to both bench scientists, who can easily navigate and find all mouse related resources in one place, and bioinformaticians, who will be provided with interoperable resources containing data which can be mined and integrated† (Zouberakis,

Interpersonal conflict between stakeholders Essay

Interpersonal conflict between stakeholders - Essay Example Three per cent of nurses reported verbal threats (Whitworth, 2008). Distress was experienced by 66%. Females were the main perpetrators. Conflict had been described as a social behavior between individuals who attempted to gain something both could not have (Moss, 2002). Nursing conflicts had been termed as role conflict (Cooper, 2003), burnout (Poncet, 2007), horizontal violence (Abu Alrub, 2004) and intergenerational conflict (Swearingen & Liberman, 2004).Reflection and the impact on work practices and stakeholders  Conflict constituted most of the management problems in nursing. The hospital environment or primary care or community centers worked well and efficiently partially due to the efficacy of conflict management. The variety of people with diverse â€Å"perceptions, personalities and behaviors† could ignite a problem at any moment (Sikes, 2010). The common goals were what brought them together. Barriers were inevitable but efforts to prevent conflicts needed to com e from the right quarters. The idea was not to totally prevent the conflict but to manage it well so that a creative style with classic decision-making produced improved outcomes. Cohesion of the group was ensured through the efficient management of conflict. Too much conflict was conducive to frequent sparring and a decrease in performance; group cohesion suffered in the long run. Conflicts could arise between any of the stakeholders in a health environment: between nurses, nurses and doctors, nurses and patients.... Nursing conflicts had been termed as role conflict (Cooper, 2003), burnout (Poncet, 2007), horizontal violence (Abu Alrub, 2004) and intergenerational conflict (Swearingen & Liberman, 2004). Reflection and the impact on work practices and stakeholders Conflict constituted most of the management problems in nursing. The hospital environment or primary care or community centers worked well and efficiently partially due to the efficacy of conflict management. The variety of people with diverse â€Å"perceptions, personalities and behaviors† could ignite a problem at any moment (Sikes, 2010). The common goals were what brought them together. Barriers were inevitable but efforts to prevent conflicts needed to come from the right quarters. The idea was not to totally prevent the conflict but to manage it well so that a creative style with classic decision-making produced improved outcomes. Cohesion of the group was ensured through the efficient management of conflict. Too much confl ict was conducive to frequent sparring and a decrease in performance; group cohesion suffered in the long run. Conflicts could arise between any of the stakeholders in a health environment: between nurses, nurses and doctors, nurses and patients, nurses and the patients’ families, doctors and patients’ families, nurse manager and staff nurses, staff of different categories and between policy makers and the hospital industry. The nursing profession needed to handle conflicts with confidence and evoke the best results. The resolution of the conflict The nurse manager had to use her skills of communication and interpersonal skills to identify the main problem of the conflict by

The Business Strategies of Google Inc and Its Effects on the Business Essay - 2

The Business Strategies of Google Inc and Its Effects on the Business and the Industry - Essay Example This paper illustrates that a research study conducted by Morgan Stanley pegs the total number of internet users at about 1.8 billion as of the year 2009. The number is expected to grow by about 13 percent annually on a year on year basis. The report also states that approximately 18.8 thousand minutes was spent on internet browsing by ‘netizens’ across the world. Geographically China followed by USA and India have the largest number of active internet users with the numbers growing geometrically over the years. The analysis of the strategic framework of an organization can be done by using the framework of the Generic model proposed by Michael Porter. The model states that a firm can pursue four strategies that include overall cost leadership, focus, differentiation, and differentiation focus strategies. Depending on the business and the market environment a firm can either chose one strategy or a combination of these strategies. Overall cost leadership strategy involve s a strategic framework in which a business organization lowers its cost of operations and uses the cost benefits to sell products at lower prices than their competitors. Business organizations using a differentiation strategy provide a unique product or service offering that is unmatched by the competitors in the industry segment. Firms using such a strategy normally charge a premium for their uniqueness in the product or service offering and generate their core competence based on their innovations. Focus strategy involves targeting a very core and niche consumer segment and providing services that tend to cater to the very specific needs of the customers.

Gender in the Colonial period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender in the Colonial period - Essay Example For instance, mothers were trusted and expected to pass along the teachings of the Puritans and Christianity to the children. Husbands could, and often did, entrust their wives to handle various legal and financial matters of the household or family farm but the extent of power the wife possessed always remained at her husband’s discretion. Wives that happily accepted their role and conformed to Puritan societal standards were openly referred to and addressed as ‘goodwife.’ However, the authoritative figure in the family and throughout all facets of Puritan society was clearly the man. The only role that wives served in the male dominated public psyche was caring for children and completing household chores, at all times subordinate to their husbands. Though it was customary for Puritan men to show a general respect for women and they were thought of as handy helpmates in the household, the majority of men were deeply suspicious of women. Thought of as the physica l, intellectual and emotionally weaker gender, they were thus more likely to give in to the temptations of the Devil. Women were the images of Eve, lustful for sexual gratification, power and money. This common view of Puritan men â€Å"made women susceptible to charges of witchcraft, particularly those who stood to inherit large estates that would have endowed them with uncommon economic influence† (Karlsen, 1987: 52). The Puritan ideology included an intense belief that the devil endeavored to tempt Christians from following God’s laws. According to Puritanical beliefs, they are responsible to observe and then eliminate the presence of evil in society. â€Å"The problems that the first... This research paper tells us about the role of a woman during the period of Puritanical system. The authoritative figure in the family and throughout all facets of Puritan society was clearly the man. The only role that wives served in the male dominated public psyche was caring for children and completing household chores, at all times subordinate to their husbands. Thought of as the physical, intellectual and emotionally weaker gender, they were thus more likely to give in to the temptations of the Devil. Women were the images of Eve, lustful for sexual gratification, power and money. The Puritan ideology included an intense belief that the devil endeavored to tempt Christians from following God’s laws. According to Puritanical beliefs, they are responsible to observe and then eliminate the presence of evil in society. In the early days, immediately following the Puritans’ arrival in America, women exercised some considerable freedom, especially if unmarried, to take up professional positions among the colonies. As the educational requirements for these types of positions increased, women’s inability to obtain the proper education prevented them from entering these fields. Because women were not generally sent to higher education centers, typically obtaining only the ability to read among their other subjects which rotated around becoming a good housewife and mother, most women were forced to work in professions that consisted of factory labor, home maintenance (maids), seamstresses or other menial tasks.

Shall we dance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shall we dance - Case Study Example The ballroom dancing mostly targets the women who have a great interest and money to spend on dancing classes. The two business partners will offer global dance brands in an effort to promote the company Dance space into an excellent company (Griffin 584). The business idea has been implemented, and Tang starts to give the dance lessons and selling the video in various stores across Canada and Britain. The two have targeted about three websites for customers to mingle as well as download the earlier mentioned video with different varieties of dance videos (Griffin 584). However, the only limitation happens to capital since the company requires about 1.4 million dollars. The two have made an impression on Tim Draper who is an investor in various internet programs. The business partners hire a coach in preparation to meet Tim Draper but the coach advice them not to meet Tim since they do not have a well defined sales pitch (Griffin 584). The two had been now concentrated on the investm ents such that they forgot to come up with a solid sales pitch. On the meeting day, they give a performance and then discuss the prospects of the company. The two experts offer their arguments on the business preparation. Robert Herjavec disagrees with Beverly and Tang’s ideas and insists they should also target the young generation as well as the boomers are have no technologically awareness and using the websites cannot work (Griffin 584). Conversely, KO supports the ideas by the two but also insists that Beverly and Tang should revamp their language and that they should form different segments for different age groups (Griffin 584). Being a new company based on the interests of a given demographic group, the company owners need to analyze the external and internal S.W.O.T to come up effectively with a solid sales pitch. The company owners

Gender in the Colonial period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender in the Colonial period - Essay Example For instance, mothers were trusted and expected to pass along the teachings of the Puritans and Christianity to the children. Husbands could, and often did, entrust their wives to handle various legal and financial matters of the household or family farm but the extent of power the wife possessed always remained at her husband’s discretion. Wives that happily accepted their role and conformed to Puritan societal standards were openly referred to and addressed as ‘goodwife.’ However, the authoritative figure in the family and throughout all facets of Puritan society was clearly the man. The only role that wives served in the male dominated public psyche was caring for children and completing household chores, at all times subordinate to their husbands. Though it was customary for Puritan men to show a general respect for women and they were thought of as handy helpmates in the household, the majority of men were deeply suspicious of women. Thought of as the physica l, intellectual and emotionally weaker gender, they were thus more likely to give in to the temptations of the Devil. Women were the images of Eve, lustful for sexual gratification, power and money. This common view of Puritan men â€Å"made women susceptible to charges of witchcraft, particularly those who stood to inherit large estates that would have endowed them with uncommon economic influence† (Karlsen, 1987: 52). The Puritan ideology included an intense belief that the devil endeavored to tempt Christians from following God’s laws. According to Puritanical beliefs, they are responsible to observe and then eliminate the presence of evil in society. â€Å"The problems that the first... This research paper tells us about the role of a woman during the period of Puritanical system. The authoritative figure in the family and throughout all facets of Puritan society was clearly the man. The only role that wives served in the male dominated public psyche was caring for children and completing household chores, at all times subordinate to their husbands. Thought of as the physical, intellectual and emotionally weaker gender, they were thus more likely to give in to the temptations of the Devil. Women were the images of Eve, lustful for sexual gratification, power and money. The Puritan ideology included an intense belief that the devil endeavored to tempt Christians from following God’s laws. According to Puritanical beliefs, they are responsible to observe and then eliminate the presence of evil in society. In the early days, immediately following the Puritans’ arrival in America, women exercised some considerable freedom, especially if unmarried, to take up professional positions among the colonies. As the educational requirements for these types of positions increased, women’s inability to obtain the proper education prevented them from entering these fields. Because women were not generally sent to higher education centers, typically obtaining only the ability to read among their other subjects which rotated around becoming a good housewife and mother, most women were forced to work in professions that consisted of factory labor, home maintenance (maids), seamstresses or other menial tasks.

Introduction to MS project 2003 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Introduction to MS project 2003 - Assignment Example This software was programmed to help its users to improve their operations in the business world, this software was meant to raise the profile of various services and products. With Microsoft Project 2003, one can create a new system, improve customers experience and expectations and also engage in any activity that is towards improving the customer’s efforts. Whenever any project is in session, it is important to give out reports about the project itself when using this program. For one to be able to see all the reports while using this program, they just click on the view button. From this point, they will be able to select the stories then they at the same time select the category that they require (Culp & VTC Incorporated 2005). This software also uses what is known as the assessment process, in that the program can constitute the development of projects bit by bit but in a perfect way. At the same time, the software is built with a compensation plan, this is a component that is capable of working well in a network marketing. This makes it be the best even though other versions are coming up, that are best and easy to operate than this version. The versions are also have an friendly interface. To conclude, this Microsoft Project 2003, is useful for business management. It is more efficient in the world of project management, and many business oriented companies that would want to succeed should consider

Sequencing Technology for Epilepsy Diagnosis

Sequencing Technology for Epilepsy Diagnosis Epilepsy: It is estimated that at many as 10% of the general populace will experience a seizure in their lifetime. (Persad et al., 2003) Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease defined by its characteristic symptom, recurrent and spontaneous seizures. (Berg et al., 2011) (Asher Y et al., 2012) Epilepsy is a common condition with an occurrence of up to 3% in the population (Deng H et al., 2013). According to Pal D.k et al., (2010) over half of epilepsies have a genetic cause. A large body of research has gone into identifying the genetic causes and corresponding molecular mechanisms of epileptic disorders. Epilepsies have a wide variety of causes including dysfunctional ion channels (channelopathies), abnormal brain development and errors of metabolism etc. (Garofalo S et al., 2012) Research in the genetic mutations behind epilepsies is vital in further understanding the pathology of the many different conditions and developing superior treatments for the afflicted patients. Early Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy: Epileptic Encephalopathies are a large number of rare (prevalence of 1et al., 2010). The symptoms of an EE generally include severe and recurring seizures along with cognitive and developmental delay and/or deterioration. This cognitive and behavioural decline may be influenced by the seizure activity as well as the underlying mechanisms of disease (Kaiman B.A. et al., 2012). The term Epileptic Encephalopathy encompasses a wide variety of syndromes with a diverse range of genetic causes and considerable overlap with other syndromic disorders such as Autism and Mental Retardation. (Berg et al., 2011). The overlap in these syndromes and continuing progression in our understanding of EE’s has resulted in A.T. et al (2010) emphasising that the term epileptic encephalopathy should be viewed as a â€Å"concept and a description† of the wide spectrum of epileptic conditions with an encephalopathic course that are being observed in the clinic. A key diagnostic feature is that Epileptic Encephalopathies tend to occur in infancy to early childhood. While adults can suffer from epilepsy with encephalopathic features this does not tend to be as severe as the Early Onest Epileptic Encephalopathies (EOEE). Children suffering from EOEE’s rarely make it to adulthood due to their poor prognosis. Berg A.T. et al (2010). While more research is coming to light on the potential lasting damaging effects of seizures (Berg et al., 2011) what is certain is that the early onset and repetition of the severe seizures present in EOEE’s is devastating to the early development of patients and their continued growth. As the patients progress from a neonate towards childhood their symptoms will also progress. For example seizures in neonates may not be observable to a clinician as the axonal pathways are not fully myelinated yet and prevent the â€Å"surge† from reaching the motor cortex. Once the brain is fully myelinated the seizures would become observable clinically even though the onset was much earlier in the neonatal stage. This progression of the clinical presentation of epileptic seizures is mirrored in the likelihood of infants suffering from Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (Otohara syndrome) to develop into Infantile Spasms (IS) at 3-6 months in life. Patients’ suffering from IS tend to develop into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in childhood. (Asher Y et al., 2012) Diagnosis and treatment: As seen in table 1 and table 2 there are a number of epileptic encephalopathies with a clear enough presentation to make an accurate diagnosis based on the clinical symptoms alone. However due to the rarity of these conditions and the occurrence of EOEE’s with unclear presentations (I need a %?) confirmation of a candidate mutation (gene?) is considered the gold standard when it comes to EOEE diagnosis. (Lemke J.R. et al., 2012) In Lemke J.R. (2012) it was shown that when comparing the diagnostic results of a target gene panel against a clinician’s suggested diagnosis that the gene panel results matched the suggest diagnosis in the EOEE’s with clear presentations. This accounted for 50% of the cohort. However for the remainder of the cohort with unclear EE symptoms there very few suggested diagnoses and not all of these were accurate. It has been suggested by Kay C, (2012) that the significant failure to confirm a genetic diagnosis for unclear EE’s is due to the role of de novo variants as candidates. While we may have the above lists of confirmed disease and causative gene mutations in tables 1 and 2 there are still many other EOEE’s without validated genetic causes that could be the result of de novo mutations in the patients. Considering the ever increasing list of epilepsy linked (but not validated) genes, 265 of which identified in (Lemke J.R. et al., 2012)) it is clear that the current gold standard of diagnosing EOEE’s isn’t high enough. A case study shown by Zupanc M.L., (2009) recorded the diagnostic process of a patient â€Å"Kay† that originally presented with slight head drops at 7 months old. Correlating the head drops to an epileptiform EEG (in this case a â€Å"generalised high-amplitude burst of polyspike, spike and slow wave discharges†) allowed certain conditions to be ruled out however it was highlighted that while a confident diagnosis was reached there were alternatives that cou ldn’t be ruled out. Difficulty in EOEE diagnosis can stem from the multitude of potential genetic causes available for some presentations which can lead to a clinician wandering blindly picking candidates for Sanger sequencing to identify a candidate mutation. (Lemke J.R. et al., 2012) Next generation sequencing technology: If the issue in diagnosing EOEE’s is the lack of validated genetic causes for the different presentations then the most comprehensive way to investigate the matter is to examine the EOEE genomes in comparison to controls and identify the candidate genes. Next generation sequencing technology has provided the means to do this and recent years have seen a surge of NGS based studies in EOEEs and their genetic causes. (Lemke et al., 2012) (Veeramah K.R. et al., 2012) (Veeramah K.R. et al,. 2013) The original human genome project was officially announced as completed in April 2003 (Wheeler D.A., et al. 2013). This project made use of the hierarchal shotgun sequencing method (Chial H et al., 2008). This entailed the use of bacterial artificial chromosome clones (BAC) which each housed a 100Kb fragment of DNA. Over 20,000 over these BAC clones were mapped to the human genome and the order in which these BAC clones would be aligned was the tiling path that would be followed to sequence each human chromosome. The BAC clones are further sub divided into 2 Kb fragments (appropriately sized for sequencing) and these are sub-cloned into plasmid vectors and the fragments that will undergo sequencing. The sequencing was undergone by capillary electrophoresis methods. As long as there is sufficient overlap between these sequences they can be aligned to recreate the BAC clone structure. Then using the BAC clone mapped tiling path the sequences of the BAC clones can be aligned to create a contiguous stretch of sequence that represents the human chromosome. (Mardis E.R., 2008) The advances made in this area to create the next generation sequencing technologies involve a movement away from capillary electrophoresis methods and changes in the methods of how the DNA fragments are assembled to produces the genome sequence. Whole Genome Sequencing removes the use of BAC clones and instead the genome is fragmented into different distinct size classes and placed into plasmid and fosmid subclones. By generating paired end reads and using the number of bases between these reads based on the size classes the genomes can be sequenced quicker than using BAC clones. Next generation sequencing platforms allow for massively parallel DNA sequencing and come in a variety of different set ups. As the need for BAC clones has been removed the sample preparation process is much quicker and cheaper than the method used in the original human genome project. Also while the actual run time of the next generation sequencers is longer than that of the capillary based platform the fi nal yield of reads is much higher (from 96 reads on the capillary platform to up to tens of millions on a massively parallel system). This explosion in genomic sequencing technology less than two years after the completion of the first human genome project has provided an astonishing change in the pace of genomic research. (Mardis E.R., 2008) NGS read diagrams? Next generation sequencing and epilepsy: The study of genetic diseases including the EOEE has benefitted greatly from the genome sequencing revolution. Whole genome sequencing techniques have been used to identify a de novo variant in the SCN8A gene which encodes voltage gated sodium channel pore-forming alpha-subunits. Following discovery of the variant the effects of the variant on channel function was observed and shown to implicate the gene’s involvement in EOEE and Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). (Veeramah K.R., et al., 2012). Targeted gene panels (next generation sequencing of a list of target genes coding regions only) has proven effective in diagnosing clear presenting EOEE and even providing a potential causative variant when no clinical diagnosis is possible. Most impressive of all was the use of whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify de novo candidate variants of relevance in 7 out of 10 children and potentially identifying 3 new genes that could be linked to EOEE (Veeramah K.R. et al., 2013 ) WES is the process of sequencing only the human exome rather than the whole genome. The exome consists of all the coding regions (exons) of the genome. Even though the exome only accounts for 1% of the whole genome it is estimated to contain 85% of disease causing mutations (Choi M et al., 2009). As of April 2013 U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute claims to sequence a whole genome at the price of $5826. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claims to sequence the whole exome at the all-inclusive cost of $500. The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimates that whole exomes can be sequenced at four times the rate of the genome in their facility (Perkel J.M 2013). This rapid and ongoing reduction in cost is mirrored at the rate WES projects are being undertaken. With a date filter for the end of 2010 on Pubmed I performed the search â€Å"exome sequencing† and found a total of 44 articles. By the end of 2012 this 805 and by the end of 2013 the nu mber had more than doubled to 1,751. Whole exome sequencing projects have the advantage of not only being cheaper and faster than whole genome projects but also are a more comprehensive option than targeted gene panels for identifying EOEE candidate variants. While not as complete in whole genome sequencing in scope 85% covers a significant amount of data to be analysed and only leaves a 15% chance of not finding a candidate variant. It should also be noted that the exome is much easier to process and analyse while the whole genome includes non-coding areas which we are currently not really able to analyse in such a way to validate the relevant link between disease and non-coding variants (Perkel J.M 2013). Hypothesis: The question we are trying to answer with these projects is â€Å"Can whole exome sequencing detect candidate disease causing variations in early onset epileptic encephalopathy patients†? As this project involves isolated probands and one family trio it also raises the question of whether the inclusion of parent WES data allows for more rapid and accurate variant analysis. As such the end research goals are to identify likely and relevant disease candidate variations in the proband WES data and confirm their presence with Sanger sequencing The benefits of WES studies in EOEE candidate variants are numerous and important. Identifying a confirmed candidate mutation can allow an affect family to receive genetic counselling. If a clear mechanism of disease can be ascertained from the disease candidate then potentially alternative anti-epileptic therapy can be implemented based on the specific condition to improve patient prognosis even slightly. Along with this as EOEE have such a wide variety in causes and mechanisms some can respond poorly to some standard anti-epileptic drugs and lead to rapid deterioration of the patient. Identifying a genetic cause can prevent this from happening. (FIND REFERENCE) On a larger scale understanding the complex mechanisms of these devastating disorders is the only way to improve and develop treatments for these conditions and improve patient prognosis. Understanding how these rare forms of epilepsy manifest may in turn provide clues into the mechanisms of the more common forms of epilepsy . (FIND REFERENCE) As more research is beginning to highlight the role of earlier onset of seizures on the developing brain and the encephalopathic effects WES could become an effective screening tool in the future that would allow early intervention to control or prevent these devastating seizures and greatly improve patient standard of life and change EOEE to a more manageable condition. (Berg et al., 2011) References: (Persad V, Epilepsy and developmental disability) Berg AT ET al, epilepsy cognition and behaviour Asher Y Molecular bases and clinical spectrum of EIEE Scheffer I., Genetic testing in epilepsy what you should be doing Deng H Molecular biology of genetic based epilepsies D.K. Pal, A.W. Pong, W.K. Chung, Genetic evaluation and counseling for  epilepsy. Nature reviews, Neurology 6 (8) (2010) 445e453. Garofal S from genetics to genomics of epilepsy Hennekam, care for patients with ultra rare disorders Kaiman B.A. et al., A genetic diagnostic approach to infantile epileptic encephalopathies Berg AT et al Epilepsy, cognition and behaviour. Lemke J.R. Targeted next generation sequencing in epileptic disorders. Kay C whole genomes in the clinic (Veeramah K.R. et al de novo pathogenic SCN8A mutation identified (Veeramah K.R. et al, Exome sequencing reveals new causal mutations in children epilepsia (Chial H et al., 2008) DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project .(Mardis E.R., 2008) Next generation DNA sequencing methods. (Veeramah K.R., et al., 2012) de novo pathogenic SCN8A (Veeramah K.R., et al., 2013) WES 9/10 de novos (Choi M et al., 2009) Genetic diagnosis by whole exome capture and massively parallel DNA sequencing. (Perkel J.M 2013) ScienceMag exome sequencings towards

Death is a New Beginning Essay -- Literary Analysis, Emily Dickinson

Death is a New Beginning Death is like two paths on a trail. Some see it as the end of the road while others see it as a beginning of a new adventure. In the poems â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson and â€Å"Crossing the Bar† by Alfred Lord Tennyson, both authors choose to view death as a new journey rather than an ending. In the poem, â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† the author portrays the expedition of death as a gentle carriage ride throughout the entire poem where â€Å"Death† is personified as a gentleman caller and Immortality acts as the speakers chaperone on this voyage. The carriage takes the speaker on a ride from her childhood to her grave and beyond. Similarly, in â€Å"Crossing the Bar† Tennyson describes death as a journey through picturing death as a ride out to sea. Through choice of image both authors portray their vision that death is a journey and that death should not be feared. Finally, though death is not to be f eared, both speakers regard it from very different points of view. The person speaking in Tennyson’s poem is still alive; he is an old man waiting to die. In contrast, Dickinson’s speaker is a young woman who is surprised by death. In short, death is for both seen as an exciting new adventure. The first instance where it is evident that the authors are of the opinion that death should not be feared but rather to embrace the expedition is proven by the ways in which both authors use diction. In the first poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† the poem talks about the gentle ride that the person is experiencing. ...w he will be â€Å"putting out to sea†. In sum, each different speaker has their own respective point of view on dying such as Dickinson’s character did not know that death was going to come so soon. In contrary, Tennyson’s character was very aware that his time was on earth coming to an end. Although both authors have different points of view, both authors feel the same about death, as they both see death as a new expedition. In Conclusion, death is seen for both a new expedition. Dickinson’s voyage is going on a carriage ride with Death and Immortality guiding her to â€Å"eternity†. Tennyson’s adventure however is represented through crossing the sandbar into the large ocean. These poems are both reassuring and comforting for the readers to help themselves understand that death should not be feared but rather to think of death as a new beginning rather than an ending.

The Connection between Writing and Technology :: Teaching Writing Education

The Connection between Writing and Technology There are times when an idea pops into your head and immediately you need to write it down or lose the thought forever. What is the first thing you grab? Probably a pen or pencil and then a piece of paper, or even the nearest keyboard. These technologies are so common, we don't even give them a second thought; they are just there. With almost every household owning a computer we even tend to take them for granted. Now imagine these writing technologies didn't exist and that Henry Thoreau's father didn't perfect the pencil, what would you grab then? This is what I set out to do; find a writing technology that isn't common today. At first, I thought about what our ancestors would have used and depending on how far back we go, this can range from a quill and ink to carving on stone. Looking around my house though, these things weren't easy to find. So, I searched thru the yard looking for anything that might resemble paper. I kept coming back to the leaves hanging on the catalpa tree. I first decided this had to be my paper. It was the closest thing to being flat and the leaves were large enough for my text. For my pen I tried many different tools. First, the obvious, I could use a stick. Then I decided to cut some of the needles off my pine tree and use them. With these I twisted them tight and then tied them with Cattail reeds from the pond. Just from the looks alone, I knew this had to be my pen. My ink was a challenge though. First, I tried to burn the tip of the "pen" in order to produce ash. I figured this would be easy and would work in the same manner as a pencil. After much burning, my porch smelled like a pine forest, but little ash was being produced. This led to another search of the yard and the discovery of my ink. I had found some wild grapes and knew this would be an easy substitute for ink. Once the grapes were crushed and the neighbor's questions answered, I preceded with my new technology experiment. By burning the tip of my "pen" I had formed a perfect point to write with. This was out of pure accident, but none the less a stroke of luck.

Introduction Paper Essay

I am 30 years old and have been taking college courses over the last 11 years. I have always attended on a part time basis and I have never taken any summer courses. During the 11 years I have taken about two years off, and have officially changed my major three times. I have a lot of work experience that lines up with my current Business Management Major. I enjoy learning about Human Resources and have always thought I would enjoy a position in the Human Resources department. Academic Background When I started this journey I wanted to be an accountant, after my first semester at Saint Paul College a I realized, I did NOT want to be an accountant! The classes were very hard and a lot of work, there was just way too much to learn. I had a passion for children and growing up I always wanted to be a teacher, so I switched into a major in Child Development (CD). I made it through about two semesters of CD courses and learned that this was not the right path for me either. The instructors repeatedly reminded the students that careers in the CD field are not about making money (because there is not a lot of money in this field) but rather about working with the children. I thought I DO want to make money and instead of working with kids I would just have some of my own later in life. I also realized that if I completed this program, in the end I would have an education but no work experience. At this point I had no idea what I was going to get a degree in. I looked at my resume and realized that I had experience in operations management, Import/Export, various management positions at fast food restaurants, and extensive customer service experience. I came to the conclusion that a degree in Business Management would benefit me most, as it will ensure I have the education to match the experience. In 2009 I graduated from Saint Paul College with an AA as well as an AS in Business Management and in 2010 I transferred to Metro State University to complete my BS. This Course & Past HR Courses I took an Introduction to Human Resource Management course in 2004 of which I received an A grade, but it did not satisfy this course as required for the completion of my BS in Business Management. Since I have already taken a similar course, I do hope I can obtain another good grade, and possibly learn something I may have overlooked previously. I look forward to hearing the perspectives and ideas on how to handle different situations from the other students. More about Me I have been with my boyfriend for almost 10 years; we have a one year old daughter and plan to try for another after this semester is over. We have three large dogs ranging in age from 6-15, and once had a bearded dragon. We live 45 miles north of the twin cities in Harris – a town of about 1000 people. I work full time at BAE Systems in Fridley as a government property administrator, with previous positions held in Accounts Payable, Travel Accounting, and payroll. Conclusion As you can see my path through college has been a confusing one, and has had its failures and successes. Now that I am on the right path, I hope to be a successful business person. With my customer service and payroll experience, I have always thought I would be a good fit for an HR representative. I am a new mom and eager to expand my family further! I commute to work and have held several positions within the company. I am just an average person working my way through life and trying to obtain an education to make the quality of my life even better.

Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay

Hydrogen fuel cells are potentially the energy beginning of the hereafter. Due to its efficiency and low pollution H fuel cells are far better than conventional gasoline engines. With increasing gasoline monetary values and pressing environmental issues, a new feasible energy beginning is required such as the H fuel cell, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces current by the transition of H and O into H2O, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The first fuel cell was invented in 1839 by Sir William Grove. Fuel cells operate in a similar mode to a battery nevertheless they will continually bring forth heat and electricity if fuel is supplied, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Fuel cells run on H. Hydrogen is the most common and simplistic gas. It is exceptionally light and produces the highest sum of energy per unit of weight of 52000 Btu/lb, which is three times that of gasolene, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) A H fuel cell is made up of two electrodes environing an electrolyte. Hydrogen passes over the anode of the cell and the free negatrons are conducted into the external circuit. ( 2 ) The O passes over the cathode. Electrons are conducted back from the external circuit to the accelerator where the H and O recombine to organize H2O. A proton exchange membrane is the electrolyte. If a polymer exchange mem brane is used this must be hydrated to stay stable functionality, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) A Pt accelerator must be used to help the reaction, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The merchandises formed include H2O, heat and electricity. The two most promising fuel cells are the polymer exchange membrane fuel cell ( PEMFC ) and the solid oxide fuel cell ( SOFC ) , ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The PEM fuel cell is used for transit such as in powering vehicles. This fuel cell has a low operating temperature signifier 60 & A ; deg ; C to 80 & A ; deg ; C and a high operating denseness, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The solid oxide fuel cells operate at really high temperatures of 700-1000 & A ; deg ; C. This cell will be used in big scale power coevals such as in mills, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) One of the primary advantages of the H fuel cells is the low emanations, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) Gasoline powered autos emit pollutants such as SO2 and NO. Fuel cells rely on chemical science and non on burning which reduces emanations, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) The lone gas released is H2O vapor. This reduces air pollution and combats planetary heating. ( 6 ) Hydrogen fuel cells are besides really effectual as they have the ability to covert fuel to energy from the minute of coevals. This eradicates multiple stairss and additions efficiency, ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 3 ) If pure H is used the H fuel cell can be 65 % efficient, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . If impure H utilized a reformist is required to alter the hydrocarbon into H which lowers the efficiency degree, nevertheless it is still far greater ( up to three times ) than a gasoline engine, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Due to the fact that much energy is lost turning pumps and fans in gasoli ne vehicles the overall efficiency is really low of 20 % , ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) In add-on to this H fuel cells achieve the letter writer of 65 stat mis to the gallon doing them a feasible energy beginning, ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 3 ) The dependability of a H fuel cell is a major advantage. Whereas burning engines, such as gasoline engines, have many traveling parts that require care, the fuel cell has really few. ( 3 ) This will cut down care costs and increase dependability. In add-on to this a fuel cell will non travel dead ( as batteries do ) if there is a changeless flow of chemicals into the cell, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) Although ab initio production costs would be high for H fuel cells this will diminish and mass production costs will go low because of the simple building of the cell. ( 3 ) Equally good as this the H fuel cell is safe. Unlike gasoline, H will non do environmental jeopardies such as spillages. Similar to petrol H will fire when lit nevertheless it merely becomes explosive when stored up in an enclosed country, which is improbable as H disperses easy, ( Anonymous,2002 ) 3. ( 3 ) This makes H fuel cells a safe option. Hydrogen can be produced from coal, natural gas and oil. Since these militias are being depleted it is a great adventage that H for the fuel cells can be produced from biomass, sunshine and H2O, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) There are many beginnings of H on Earth. Hydrogen is found combined with other elements, chiefly C and O, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) However it can be easy extracted and used to do the ultimate clean and efficient energy beginning, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Like all fuels and signifiers of energy H fuel cells have their disadvantages. One of the largest disadvantages of H fuel cells is that presently they are really expensive, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 2 ) ( 4 ) Many of the constituents that make up a H fuel cell such as the Pt accelerator and proton exchange membrane are dearly-won, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) This would hold to diminish mostly to be economically feasible. Once this has decreased, for illustration by utilizing an alternate accelerator, mass production costs will diminish, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) The production costs of H besides pose a disadvantage. Most H comes from coal, natural gas and oil. The pollution caused by the production of H from these resources is similar to the sum of that of gasoline engines, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Hydrogen can be produced by sunshine and air current to power electrolysis which does non make any pollution nevertheless this is excessively expensi ve to use extensively, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Another job with H fuel cells arise with storage. Due to the fact that H is such a light gas and disperses easy it is really hard to hive away a big sum in a confined country, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) The challenge posed is for applied scientists to fit the 300-mile vehicle scope. However this is non impossible as it has been done in some recent vehicles, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Research workers are besides coming up with new ways of hive awaying the H such the usage of H armored combat vehicles and metal loanblends, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) For H fuel cells to go feasible a PEMFC membrane must be developed that can run in high temperatures ( 100 & A ; deg ; C ) every bit good as bomber zero temperatures, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) PEMFC membranes are hydrated to reassign H protons nevertheless at temperatures greater than 80 & A ; deg ; C the hydration is lost. These high temperatures are of import as the fuel cell will hold an increased tolerance to drosss. ( 2 ) Fuel cells must stay stable where every bit presently when the vehicle is turned on or off or temperatures are high the membrane tends to degrade, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) Further research is required to battle this. In add-on to this exchanging to hydrogen fuel would necessitate an accommodation of substructure where H fuel Stationss, grapevines and distribution channels are required, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) This is possible nevertheless it will take many old ages and money to construct, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Like all fuels hydrogen fuel cells do hold disadvantages nevertheless many of these can be combated with farther research and over clip, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Presently hydrogen fuel cells are non a feasible beginning of energy nevertheless due to their low emanations, high efficiency and many other advantages they have the possible to in the hereafter go a feasible energy beginning that is more effectual than gasoline engines.